Sonchus oleraceus

Primary tabs

http://media.bgbm.org/erez/erez?src=EditWP6/photos/Sonchus_oleraceus_Bb_01.jpg

Content

Distribution

Africa: Algeria ‒ native (Algeria ‒ nativeA,B,C); Angola ‒ introduced (Angola ‒ introducedD); Azores ‒ native (Açôres ‒ nativeE,F,G,H); Burkina ‒ introduced (Burkina ‒ introducedI); Cameroon ‒ introduced (Cameroon ‒ introducedJ,K,L,M,N); Canary Is. ‒ introduced (Canary Is. ‒ introducedF); Cape Verde ‒ introduced (Cape Verde ‒ introducedO); Egypt ‒ native (Egypt ‒ nativeP,Q); Gulf of Guinea Is. ‒ introduced (Bioko ‒ introducedR,S, São Tomé ‒ introducedT); Kenya ‒ introduced (Kenya ‒ introducedM); Libya ‒ native (Libya ‒ nativeU,V,W,X); Madeira ‒ introduced (Madeira ‒ introducedF); Morocco ‒ nativeAA,AB,Y,Z; Nigeria ‒ introduced (Nigeria ‒ introducedAC,K,L,M); Selvagens ‒ introduced (Selvagens ‒ introducedF); Sudan ‒ introduced (Sudan ‒ introducedAD,AE); Tanzania ‒ introduced (Tanzania ‒ introducedAE); Tunisia ‒ native (Tunisia ‒ nativeAF,AG); Uganda ‒ introduced (Uganda ‒ introducedK,L,M); Zaire ‒ introduced (Zaire ‒ introducedK,M); Zimbabwe ‒ introduced (Zimbabwe ‒ introducedAE) Asia-Temperate: Afghanistan ‒ native (Afghanistan ‒ nativeAH,AI); Altay ‒ native (Altay ‒ nativeAJ); Amur ‒ native (Amur ‒ nativeAK); Buryatiya ‒ native (Buryatiya ‒ nativeAJ); China North-Central ‒ introduced (Gansu ‒ introducedAL,AM, Hebei ‒ introducedAL,AM, Shaanxi ‒ introducedAL,AM, Shandong ‒ introducedAL,AM, Shanxi ‒ introducedAL,AM); China South-Central ‒ introduced (Guizhou ‒ introducedAL,AM, Hubei ‒ introducedAL,AM, Sichuan ‒ introducedAL,AM, Yunnan ‒ introducedAL,AM); China Southeast ‒ introduced (Anhui ‒ introducedAL,AM, Fujian ‒ introducedAL,AM, Guangdong ‒ introducedAL, Guangxi ‒ introducedAL,AM, Henan ‒ introducedAL,AM, Hunan ‒ introducedAL,AM, Jiangsu ‒ introducedAL,AM, Jiangxi ‒ introducedAL,AM, Zhejiang ‒ introducedAL,AM); Chita ‒ native (Chita ‒ nativeAJ); Cyprus ‒ native (Cyprus ‒ nativeAN,AO,AP); East Aegean Is. ‒ native (East Aegean Is. ‒ nativeAQ,AR,AS); Gulf States ‒ introduced (Qatar ‒ introducedAT, United Arab Emirates ‒ introducedAU); Hainan ‒ introduced (Hainan ‒ introducedAM); Inner Mongolia ‒ introduced (Ningxia ‒ introducedAM); Iran ‒ native (Iran ‒ nativeAI,AV); Iraq ‒ native (Iraq ‒ nativeAI); Irkutsk ‒ native (Irkutsk ‒ nativeAJ); Japan ‒ introducedAW; Kazakhstan ‒ native (Kazakhstan ‒ nativeAX); Khabarovsk ‒ native (Khabarovsk ‒ nativeAK); Kirgizistan ‒ native (Kirgizistan ‒ nativeAY,AZ); Korea ‒ introduced (North Korea ‒ introducedBA,BB, South Korea ‒ introducedBA,BB); Krasnoyarsk ‒ native (Krasnoyarsk ‒ nativeAJ); Lebanon-Syria ‒ native (Lebanon ‒ nativeBC,BD, Syria ‒ nativeBC,BE); Manchuria ‒ introduced (Liaoning ‒ introducedAL,AM); Mongolia ‒ native: doubtfully native (Mongolia ‒ native: doubtfully nativeBF); North Caucasus ‒ native (Dagestan ‒ nativeBG, Kabardino-Balkariya ‒ nativeBG, Krasnodar ‒ nativeBG, Stavropol ‒ nativeBG); Ogasawara-shoto ‒ introduced (Ogasawara-shoto ‒ introducedBH); Oman (Oman ‒ introducedBI); Palestine ‒ native (Israel ‒ nativeBD,BE,BJ,BK, Jordan ‒ nativeBD,BE,BL,BM); Primorye ‒ native (Primorye ‒ nativeAK); Qinghai ‒ introduced (Qinghai ‒ introducedAL,AM); Sakhalin ‒ native (Sakhalin ‒ nativeAK); Saudi Arabia ‒ introduced (Saudi Arabia ‒ introducedBN); Sinai ‒ native (Sinai ‒ nativeBD,BO,Q); Tadzhikistan ‒ native (Tadzhikistan ‒ nativeBP); Taiwan ‒ introduced (Taiwan ‒ introducedAL,AM); Tibet ‒ introduced (Tibet ‒ introducedAL,AM); Transcaucasus ‒ native (Abkhaziya ‒ nativeBG,BQ,BR,BS,BT, Adzhariya ‒ nativeBU, Armenia ‒ nativeBG,BR,BV, Azerbaijan ‒ nativeBG,BR,BT,BW, Georgia ‒ nativeBG,BQ, Nakhichevan ‒ nativeBR); Turkey ‒ native (Turkey ‒ nativeAQ,BX,BY); Turkmenistan ‒ native (Turkmenistan ‒ nativeAI,BZ); Uzbekistan ‒ native (Uzbekistan ‒ nativeCA); West Siberia ‒ native (West Siberia ‒ nativeAJ); Xinjiang ‒ introduced (Xinjiang ‒ introducedAL,AM); Yakutskiya ‒ native (Yakutskiya ‒ nativeAJ) Asia-Tropical: Bangladesh ‒ introduced (Bangladesh ‒ introduced); Borneo ‒ introduced (Sabah ‒ introducedCB,CC); India ‒ introducedCD; Nepal (Nepal ‒ introducedCE); New Guinea ‒ introduced (Irian Jaya ‒ introducedCF, Papua New Guinea ‒ introducedCF); Pakistan ‒ native: doubtfully native (Pakistan ‒ native: doubtfully nativeAI,CG); Philippines ‒ introduced (Philippines ‒ introducedCH); Thailand (Thailand ‒ introducedCI,CJ); Vietnam ‒ introduced (Vietnam ‒ introducedCK) Australasia: Antipodean Is. ‒ introduced (Antipodean Is. ‒ introducedCL); Chatham Is. ‒ introduced (Chatham Is. ‒ introducedCL,CM); Kermadec Is. ‒ introduced (Kermadec Is. ‒ introducedCL,CM); New South Wales ‒ introduced (Australian Capital Territory ‒ introducedCN,CO,CP,CQ,CR, New South Wales ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CS,CT,CU); New Zealand North ‒ introduced (New Zealand North ‒ introducedCL,CM); New Zealand South ‒ introduced (New Zealand South ‒ introducedCL,CM); Northern Territory ‒ introduced (Northern Territory ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU); Queensland ‒ introduced (Queensland ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU,CV); South Australia ‒ introduced (South Australia ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU); Tasmania ‒ introduced (Tasmania ‒ introducedCN,CO,CP,CQ,CR,CT,CU); Victoria ‒ introduced (Victoria ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU); Western Australia ‒ introduced (Ashmore-Cartier Is. ‒ introducedCT, Western Australia ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU,CW,CX,CY) Europe: Albania ‒ native (Albania ‒ nativeCZ,DA,DB,H); Austria ‒ native (Austria ‒ nativeDC, Liechtenstein ‒ nativeDD); Baleares ‒ native (Baleares ‒ nativeDE,DF,DG,DH,DI,DJ,DK,H); Baltic States ‒ native (Estonia ‒ nativeDL, Kaliningrad ‒ nativeDM, Latvia ‒ nativeDL, Lithuania ‒ nativeDL); Belarus ‒ native (Belarus ‒ nativeDN); Belgium ‒ native (Belgium ‒ nativeDO,H, Luxembourg ‒ nativeDP); Bulgaria ‒ native (Bulgaria ‒ nativeDQ,DR,DS,DT,H); Central European Russia ‒ native (Central European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Corse ‒ native (Corse ‒ nativeDU,DV,DW,H); Czechoslovakia ‒ native (Czech Republic ‒ nativeDX,DY,DZ,EA, Slovakia ‒ nativeDX,DY,EB); Denmark ‒ native (Denmark ‒ nativeEC,ED,H); East European Russia ‒ native (East European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Finland ‒ native (Finland ‒ nativeED,EE,H); France ‒ nativeDF,EF,EG,EH,H; Germany ‒ native (Germany ‒ nativeEI,EJ,EK,H); Great Britain ‒ native (Great Britain ‒ nativeH); Greece ‒ native (Greece ‒ nativeAR,AS,DS,EL,EM,H,P); Hungary ‒ native (Hungary ‒ nativeEN,EO,H); Iceland ‒ introduced (Iceland ‒ introducedEP); Ireland ‒ native (Ireland ‒ nativeEQ,ER, Northern Ireland ‒ nativeEQ); Italy ‒ nativeES,ET,EU,EV,EW,EX,EY,EZ,H; Kriti ‒ native (Kriti ‒ nativeAR,AS,DS,EM,FA,H); Krym ‒ native (Krym ‒ nativeDN,FB,FC,FD,FE,H); Netherlands ‒ native (Netherlands ‒ nativeFF,H); North European Russia ‒ native (North European Russia ‒ nativeDN,FG); Northwest European Russia ‒ native (Northwest European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Norway ‒ native (Norway ‒ nativeED,H); Poland ‒ native (Poland ‒ nativeFH,FI,H); Portugal ‒ native (Portugal ‒ nativeDK,E,FJ,FK,FL,FM,H); Romania ‒ native (Romania ‒ nativeDS,FN,FO,H); Sardegna ‒ native (Sardegna ‒ nativeES,EX,EY,H); Sicily ‒ native (Malta ‒ nativeFP,FQ,FR, Sicily ‒ nativeES,EV,EX,EY); South European Russia ‒ native (South European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Spain ‒ native (Andorra ‒ nativeDK,FS, Gibraltar ‒ nativeDK,FT, Spain ‒ nativeDE,DF,DK,FU,FV,FW,FX,H); Sweden ‒ native (Sweden ‒ nativeED,FY,FZ,H); Switzerland ‒ native (Switzerland ‒ nativeGA,GB,H); Turkey-in-Europe ‒ native (Turkey-in-Europe ‒ nativeAQ,GC,H); Ukraine ‒ native (Moldova ‒ nativeDN,FB, Ukraine ‒ nativeDN,FC); Yugoslavia ‒ native (Bosnia-Herzegovina ‒ nativeDS, Croatia ‒ nativeDS,GD, Macedonia ‒ nativeDS, Montenegro ‒ nativeDS, Serbia ‒ nativeDS,GE, Slovenia ‒ nativeGF,GG) Northern America: Alabama ‒ introduced (Alabama ‒ introducedGH); Alaska ‒ introduced (Alaska ‒ introducedGH); Alberta ‒ introduced (Alberta ‒ introducedGH,GI); Arizona ‒ introduced (Arizona ‒ introducedGH,GJ); Arkansas ‒ introduced (Arkansas ‒ introducedGH); British Columbia ‒ introduced (British Columbia ‒ introducedGH,GI); California ‒ introduced (California ‒ introducedGH,GJ); Colorado ‒ introduced (Colorado ‒ introducedGH); Connecticut ‒ introduced (Connecticut ‒ introducedGH); Delaware ‒ introduced (Delaware ‒ introducedGH); District of Columbia ‒ introduced (District of Columbia ‒ introducedGH); Florida ‒ introduced (Florida ‒ introducedGH); Georgia, U.S.A. ‒ introduced (Georgia, U.S.A. ‒ introducedGH); Greenland ‒ introduced (Greenland ‒ introducedGI); Idaho ‒ introduced (Idaho ‒ introducedGH); Illinois ‒ introduced (Illinois ‒ introducedGH); Indiana ‒ introduced (Indiana ‒ introducedGH); Iowa ‒ introduced (Iowa ‒ introducedGH); Kansas ‒ introduced (Kansas ‒ introducedGH); Kentucky ‒ introduced (Kentucky ‒ introducedGH); Labrador ‒ introduced (Labrador ‒ introducedGH); Louisiana ‒ introduced (Louisiana ‒ introducedGH); Maine ‒ introduced (Maine ‒ introducedGH); Manitoba ‒ introduced (Manitoba ‒ introducedGH,GI); Maryland ‒ introduced (Maryland ‒ introducedGH); Massachusetts ‒ introduced (Massachusetts ‒ introducedGH); Mexican Pacific Is. ‒ introduced (Guadalupe I. ‒ introducedGK); Mexico Central ‒ introduced (Mexico Distrito Federal ‒ introducedCB,GL,GM, Morelos ‒ introducedGL, México State ‒ introducedGL, Puebla ‒ introducedGL, Tlaxcala ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Gulf ‒ introduced (Veracruz ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Northeast ‒ introduced (Chihuahua ‒ introducedGL,GN, Coahuila ‒ introducedGL, Guanajuato ‒ introducedGL, Hidalgo ‒ introducedGL, Nuevo León ‒ introducedGL, Querétaro ‒ introducedGL, San Luis Potosí ‒ introducedGL, Tamaulipas ‒ introducedGL, Zacatecas ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Northwest ‒ introduced (Baja California ‒ introducedGL,GO, Baja California Sur ‒ introducedGL, Sinaloa ‒ introducedGL, Sonora ‒ introducedGJ,GL,GN); Mexico Southeast ‒ introduced (Campeche ‒ introducedGL, Chiapas ‒ introducedGL, Quintana Roo ‒ introducedGL, Yucatán ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Southwest ‒ introduced (Colima ‒ introducedGL, Guerrero ‒ introducedGL, Jalisco ‒ introducedGL, Michoacán ‒ introducedGL, Oaxaca ‒ introducedGL); Michigan ‒ introduced (Michigan ‒ introducedGH); Minnesota ‒ introduced (Minnesota ‒ introducedGH); Mississippi ‒ introduced (Mississippi ‒ introducedGH); Missouri ‒ introduced (Missouri ‒ introducedGH); Montana ‒ introduced (Montana ‒ introducedGH); Nebraska ‒ introduced (Nebraska ‒ introducedGH); Nevada ‒ introduced (Nevada ‒ introducedGH); New Brunswick ‒ introduced (New Brunswick ‒ introducedGH,GI); New Hampshire ‒ introduced (New Hampshire ‒ introducedGH); New Jersey ‒ introduced (New Jersey ‒ introducedGH); New Mexico ‒ introduced (New Mexico ‒ introducedGH); New York ‒ introduced (New York ‒ introducedGH); Newfoundland ‒ introduced (Newfoundland ‒ introducedGH,GI, St.Pierre-Miquelon ‒ introducedGI); North Dakota ‒ introduced (North Dakota ‒ introducedGH); Northwest Territories ‒ introduced (Northwest Territories ‒ introducedGH,GI); Nova Scotia ‒ introduced (Nova Scotia ‒ introducedGH,GI); Ohio ‒ introduced (Ohio ‒ introducedGH); Oklahoma ‒ introduced (Oklahoma ‒ introducedGH); Ontario ‒ introduced (Ontario ‒ introducedGH,GI); Oregon ‒ introduced (Oregon ‒ introducedGH); Pennsylvania ‒ introduced (Pennsylvania ‒ introducedGH); Prince Edward I. ‒ introduced (Prince Edward I. ‒ introducedGH,GI); Québec ‒ introduced (Québec ‒ introducedGH,GI); Rhode I. ‒ introduced (Rhode I. ‒ introducedGH); Saskatchewan ‒ introduced (Saskatchewan ‒ introducedGH,GI); South Carolina ‒ introduced (South Carolina ‒ introducedGH); South Dakota ‒ introduced (South Dakota ‒ introducedGH); Tennessee ‒ introduced (Tennessee ‒ introducedGH); Texas ‒ introduced (Texas ‒ introducedGH); Utah ‒ introduced (Utah ‒ introducedGH); Vermont ‒ introduced (Vermont ‒ introducedGH); Virginia ‒ introduced (Virginia ‒ introducedGH); Washington ‒ introduced (Washington ‒ introducedGH); West Virginia ‒ introduced (West Virginia ‒ introducedGH); Wisconsin ‒ introduced (Wisconsin ‒ introducedGH); Wyoming ‒ introduced (Wyoming ‒ introducedGH) Pacific: Cook Is. (Cook Is. ‒ introducedGP); Fiji ‒ introduced (Fiji ‒ introducedGQ); New Caledonia ‒ introduced (New Caledonia ‒ introducedGR) Southern America: Argentina Northeast ‒ introduced (Argentina Distrito Federal ‒ introducedGS, Buenos Aires ‒ introducedGS,GT, Chaco ‒ introducedGS,GT, Corrientes ‒ introducedGS,GT, Córdoba ‒ introducedGS,GU, Formosa ‒ introducedGS,GT, La Pampa ‒ introducedGS,GT, Misiones ‒ introducedGS,GT); Argentina Northwest ‒ introduced (Catamarca ‒ introducedGS,GT, Jujuy ‒ introducedGS,GU, La Rioja ‒ introducedGS,GT, Mendoza ‒ introducedGS,GT, San Juan ‒ introducedGS,GT,GV, San Luis ‒ introducedGS,GT, Santiago del Estero ‒ introducedGS,GT); Argentina South ‒ introduced (Chubut ‒ introducedGS,GT, Neuquén ‒ introducedGS,GT, Rio Negro ‒ introducedGS,GT, Santa Cruz ‒ introducedGS,GT, Santa Fé ‒ introducedGS,GT, Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) ‒ introducedGS,GT); Bahamas ‒ introduced (Bahamas ‒ introducedCB,GW); Bolivia ‒ introduced (Bolivia ‒ introducedGX,GY); Brazil Northeast ‒ introduced (Bahia ‒ introducedGZ); Brazil South ‒ introduced (Paraná ‒ introducedGS, Rio Grande do Sul ‒ introducedGS, Santa Catarina ‒ introducedGS); Brazil Southeast ‒ introduced (Trindade ‒ introducedCB); Chile Central ‒ introduced (Biobío ‒ introducedGS, Coquimbo ‒ introducedGS, La Araucania ‒ introducedGS, Maule ‒ introducedGS, O'Higgins ‒ introducedGS, Valparaíso ‒ introducedGS); Chile North ‒ introduced (Antofagasta ‒ introducedGS, Atacama ‒ introduced, Tarapaca ‒ introducedGS); Chile South ‒ introduced (Los Lagos ‒ introducedGS); Colombia (Colombia ‒ introducedHA); Cuba ‒ introduced (Cuba ‒ introducedCB,HB,HC); Dominican Republic ‒ introduced (Dominican Republic ‒ introducedCB,HD); Guatemala ‒ introduced (Guatemala ‒ introducedHE); Haiti ‒ introduced (Haiti ‒ introducedCB,HD); Jamaica ‒ introduced (Jamaica ‒ introducedCB); Leeward Is. ‒ introduced (Anguilla ‒ introducedCB,HF, Antigua-Barbuda ‒ introducedCB,HF, Guadeloupe ‒ introducedCB,GO,HF, Montserrat ‒ introducedCB,HF, Netherlands Leeward Is. ‒ introducedCB,HF, St.Martin-St.Barthélémy ‒ introducedCB,HF); Panamá ‒ introduced (Panamá ‒ introducedHE); Paraguay ‒ introduced (Paraguay ‒ introducedGS); Puerto Rico ‒ introduced (Puerto Rico ‒ introducedCB,HG); Trinidad-Tobago ‒ introduced (Trinidad-Tobago ‒ introducedCB); Turks-Caicos Is. ‒ introduced (Turks-Caicos Is. ‒ introducedGW); Uruguay ‒ introduced (Uruguay ‒ introducedGS); Venezuela ‒ introduced (Venezuela ‒ introducedGU,HH); Venezuelan Antilles ‒ introduced (Venezuelan Antilles ‒ introducedHI); Windward Is. ‒ introduced (Barbados ‒ introducedCB,HF, Dominica ‒ introducedCB,HF, Grenada ‒ introducedCB,HF, Martinique ‒ introducedCB,HF, St.Lucia ‒ introducedCB,HF, St.Vincent ‒ introducedCB,HF)

Description

Herb, annual or biennial, 10-150 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, often glaucous and tinged red or purple, glabrous or sometimes glandular at the uppermost nodes, unbranched or weakly branched. Lower cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 6.0-30.0 cm long, 2.0-12.0 cm wide, usually pinnatisect, pinnatipartite or entire, spinose or entire, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; terminal lobe deltoid or nearly circular; lateral lobes 4-6, oblong, obtuse or acute. Middle and upper cauline leaves amplexicaul and auriculate with acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate auricles, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 5-15 heads. Peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, glandular, floccose or glabrous. Heads with more than 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts glandular or glabrous, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly deltoid, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, up to 12.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow or less often white; tube c. 7.0 mm long, thinly woolly towards apex; ligule c. 6.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 12.0 mm long; branches c. 1.2 mm long. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, strongly compressed, c. 3.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, scabridulous, wrinkled transversely, pale brown, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each face. Pappus white, up to 7.0 mm long, flexible, remotely scabridulous or barbellate.

Based on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. Sonchus - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.

Common names

(Australia): ThalaakCT; (Mexico): achicoria dulceGL, borrajaGL, cardoGL, cerrajaGL, endiviaGL, falos diente de léonGL, lechuguillaGL, mitihuaracaGL, muela de caballoGL, verdolaga de puercoGL; Acoli (Uganda): LapukuHJ; Albanian (Albania): Rrëshyell perimeHK,1; Arabic (Lebanon): بَقْلَة يَهودِيَّةHL,1, تِفاف بَقْليHL,1, لِبَّيْـنHL,1; Arabic (Saudi Arabia): HawwaHM, KhuwaishHM, KhuwwayshHN; Arabic (Syria): بَقْلَة يَهودِيَّةHO,1, تِفاف بَقْليHO,1, لِبَّيْـنHO,1; Arabic (United Arab Emirates): adheedHP, dalaweenHP, galaweinHP, hawaHP, khas al wazHP, khuwayshHP, odeidHP; Armenian (Armenia): Կաթնբեկ բանջարանոցայինHQ,1; Basque (Spain): AstaurrazaDK, GardugueraDK, KardaberaDK, KardueDK; Bulgarian (Bulgaria): Градински кострецDQ,1; Catalan; Valencian (Spain): AlextóDK, LlacsonsDK, LletsóDK, LliscóDK; Chinese (China): 苦苣菜 ku ju caiAM; Corsican (Corse): Cardu mansuHR,1, CicerbitaHR,1, LattaghjonuHR,1, LattaroneHR,1; Danish (Denmark): Almindelig SvinemælkHS,1; Dutch; Flemish (South Africa): SydisselHT; English (Australia): Common SowthistleCN,CP,CQ,CS,CT,CU,CV,CW,CY, Milk ThistleCT, Sow ThistleCO, annual SowthistleCT, milk thistleCP; English (Bahamas): Sow ThistleCB; English (Caribbean): Sow thistleCB; English (Cyprus): Sow ThistleHU; English (Great Britain): Smooth Sow-thistleHV,1; English (Indian Subcontinent): milk weedCD; English (Jamaica): Sow-thistleCB; English (New Zealand): Sow ThistleHW, Sow thistleCL, Sow-thistleCM; English (Northern America): Common sow-thistleGI; English (South Africa): Sow thistleHT; English (United Arab Emirates): smooth sow thistleHP, wild lettuceHP; Estonian (Estonia): Harilik piimohakasHX,1; Finnish (Finland): KaalivalvattiHS,1; French (Belgium): Laiteron maraîcherHY,1; French (Corse): Laiteron maraîcherHR,1; French (France): Laiteron lisseHZ,2, Laiteron maraîcherHZ,1, Laiteron potagerHZ,1; French (Haiti): Chicorée; French (Mascarene Islands): LastronIA,IB, Lastron douxIB, Lastron tendreIB; French (Northern America): Laiteron potagerGI; French (Réunion): Lastron douxIC, Lastron tendreIC; French (Switzerland): Laiteron maraîcherID,1; Galician (Spain): Cardo molarDK, CerraxaDK, SerrallaDK; Ganda (Uganda): KakovuHJ; German (Germany): Kohl-GänsedistelIE,1; German (Switzerland): Gemeine GänsedistelID,1; Hebrew (Israel): מְרוֹר הַגִּנּוֹתIF,1, מרור הגינותIF,1; Hindi (India): Dodak, Dudhi, Pili dudhiIG; Hindi (Indian Subcontinent): DudhiCD; Ibanag (Philippines): GagatangCH; Icelandic (Iceland): GyltufífillEP; Italian (Italy): CicerbitaEX,2, CrespignoEX,2, Grespino comuneEX,1, LattaroloEX,2; Italian (Switzerland): Grespino comuneID,1; Kilur (Central and East Africa): ArchakM; Kinyarwanda (Central and East Africa): IkigembegembeM, RururiraM, RuvugamahomvuM; Kinyarwanda (Rwanda): IkigembegembeIH, RururiraIH; Korean (Korea): bang-ga-ji-tongBB; Lango (Uganda) (Uganda): ApurukuHJ; Latvian (Latvia): Dārza mīkstpieneHX,1; Makhuwa (Mozambique): nlumi-inyotoII; Maori (New Zealand): PororuaCM, RaurikiCM,HW; Marathi (Indian Subcontinent): PathariCD; Nilo-Saharan (Other) (Central and East Africa): ZapeM; Norwegian (Norway): HaredylleHS,1; Nyankole (Uganda): EkijwamateHJ, EkinyamateHJ, OrunyamateHJ; Nyoro (Uganda): EkinyahwaHJ; Nyungwe (Mozambique): chiru ma ngombeII; Oromo (East Africa): aramà; Panjabi; Punjabi (Indian Subcontinent): DodakCD; Polish (Poland): Mlecz warzywnyFH,2, Mlecz zwyczajnyFH,1; Portuguese (Portugal): LeitarugaDK, SerralhaDK; Purepecha (Mexico): tsktsuk chekamitiGL; Romanian (Moldova): Сусай де-грэдинэIJ,1; Ronga (Mozambique): cimboII, ilhaviII; Russian (Armenia): Осот огородныйHQ,1; Sinhala; Sinhalese (Sri Lanka): Gal-potu-kolaIK; Spanish; Castilian (Cuba): AlgodoncilloCB, CerlechosaCB, CerrajaCB; Spanish; Castilian (Dominican Republic): AchicoriaCB, BorrajaCB, Borraja moradaCB, ChicoriaCB, LechuguillaCB, LechuguilloCB; Spanish; Castilian (Puerto Rico): AchicoriaCB, Achicoria silvestreCB, ChicoriaCB; Spanish; Castilian (Spain): AcerrajaDK, AchicoriasDK, AlborrajaDK, CardenchaDK, Cardo molarDK, LecheraDK, SerrajaDK; Swedish (Sweden): KålmjölktistelHS,2, KålmolkeIL,1, MjölktistelHS,2; Telugu (Indian Subcontinent): RatrinataCD; Tsonga (Mozambique): hlaveII, hlaviII, inhlaviII, sudeII; Turkish (Cyprus): SütleğenHU; Turkish (Turkey): KuzugevreğiBX; Vietnamese (Vietnam): Diếp dạiIM, Rau cúc sữaIM, Rau diếp đắngIM, Rau nhũ cúcIM, Tục đoạn rauCK,IM
1. recommended, 2. synonym

Uses

Sonchus oleraceus is used as salad or vegetable, the young leaves and shoots of wild-growing plants being eaten raw, cooked or slightly steamed, and also as a medicinal plant.IN

Chromosome numbers

The chomosome number of 2n = 32 has been explained as allotetraploid, resulting from hybridisation between x = 7 (S. tenerrimus) and x = 9 (S. asper) progenitors.
IO,IP

Systematics

Sonchus oleraceus is considered to have evolved through natural crossing of S. tenerrimus (x = 7, 2n = 14) and S. asper (n=9, 2n=18).IO,IP

Bibliography

A. Ozenda, P., Flore du Sahara, ed. 2. 1977
B. Quézel, P. & Santa, S., Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. 1963
C. Quézel, P. & Santa, S., Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. 1963 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
D. Figueiredo E. & Smith G. F., Plants of Angola in Strelitzia 22. 2008
E. Franco, J. Do Amaral, Nova flora de Portugal (continente e Açores). 2. 1984
F. Hansen A. & Sunding P., Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4th revised edition in Sommerfeltia 17. 1994
G. Schäfer, H., Flora of the Azores. A field guide. 2002
H. Tutin, T. G. & al., Flora Europaea. 1964-1993
I. Thiombiano A. & al., Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. 2012
J. Beentje H. J., Onana J.-M., Pollard B. J. & Hind D. J. N. - Compositae in Cheek M., Onana J.-M. & Pollard B. J. (ed.), The plants of Mount Oku and the Ijim Ridge, Cameroon. A conversation checklist. 2000
K. Boulos L., Révision Systématique du genre Sonchus L. s.l. - V. Sous-genre 3. Origosonchus in Bot. Not. 127. 1974 (as Sonchus angustissimus Hook. f.)
L. Jeffrey C., Notes on Compositae: 1. The Cichorieae In East Tropical Africa in Kew Bull. 18 (3). 1966
M. Lawalrée A., Dethier D. & Gilissen E., Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-Rwanda-Burundi). Spermatophytes, Compositae I. 1986
N. Oliver D. & Hiern W. P. - Compositae in Oliver D., Flora of Tropical Africa 3. 1877 (as Sonchus angustissimus Hook. f.)
O. Kilian, N., Die Lactuceae (Compositae) der Kapverdischen Inseln (W-Afrika) in Willdenowia 18. 1988 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
P. Boissier, E., Flora Orientalis 3. 1875
Q. Boulos, L., Flora of Egypt 3. 2002
R. Aedo C. & al., Bases documentales para la flora de Guinea ecuatorial. 1999 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
S. Velayos M. & al., Preliminary checklist of vascular plants of Bioko Island in Bot. Complut. 37. 2013
T. Figueiredo E. & al., Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe in Bothalia 41
U. Boulos, L., A check-list of the Libyan flora 3. Compositae (by C. Jeffrey). in Candollea 34. 1979
V. Jafri, S. M. H. & El-Gadi, A. , Flora of Libya 107. 1983
W. Pampanini, R., Prodromo della flora cirenaica. 1931
X. Pampanini, R., Prodromo della flora cirenaica. 1931 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
Y. Jahandiez, E. & Maire, R., Catalogue des plantes du Maroc 3. 1934
Z. Jahandiez, E. & Maire, R., Catalogue des plantes du Maroc 3. 1934 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
AA. Nègre, R. , Petite flore des régions arides du Maroc occidental 2. 1962
AB. Valdés, B., Rejdali, M., Achhal El Khadmiri, A., Jury, S. L. & Montserrat, J. M., Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d’identification 2. 2002
AC. Lisowski S. - Asteraceae in Akoègninou A., van der Burg W. J. & van der Maesen L. J. G., Flore Analytique du Bénin. 2006
AD. Darbyshire I. & al., The plants of Sudan and South Sudan. An annotated checklist. 2015
AE. Oliver D. & Hiern W. P. - Compositae in Oliver D., Flora of Tropical Africa 3. 1877
AF. Pottier-Alapetite, G., Flore de la Tunisie. Angiospermes-Dicotyledones 2. Gamopetales 2. 1981
AG. Pottier-Alapetite, G., Flore de la Tunisie. Angiospermes-Dicotyledones 2. Gamopetales 2. 1981 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
AH. Breckle S.-W. & al., Vascular plants of Afghanistan, an augmented checklist. 2013 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
AI. Rechinger K. H., 14. Garhadiolus - 18. Reichardia in Fl. Iran. 122. 1977
AJ. Lomonosova M. N. - 74. Cichorium L. - 87. Lapsana L. in Krasnoborov I. M., Flora of Siberia 13. 2007
AK. Charkevič S. S., Sosudistye rastenija sovetskogo Dal’nego Vostoka 6. 1992
AL. C. Shih, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 80(1). 1997
AM. Wu & al., Flora of China 20-21. 2011
AN. Meikle, R. D., Flora of Cyprus 2. 1985
AO. Osorio-Tafall, B. H. & Serafim, G. M., List of the vascular plants of Cyprus. 1973
AP. Viney, D. E., An illustrated flora of North Cyprus 1. 1994
AQ. Davis P. H., Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 5. 1975
AR. Dimopoulos P. & al., Vascular plants of Greece, an annotated checklist. Englera 31. 2013 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
AS. Rechinger, K. H., Flora Aegaea. Flora der Inseln und Halbinseln des Ägäischen Meeres in Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 105(1). 1944
AT. Abdel Bary E. M. M., The flora of Qatar. 2012
AU. Feulner G. R., The flora of the Ru'us al-Jibal in Tribulus 19. 2011 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
AV. Safavi S. R. & al. - 77. Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae in Assadi M. & al., Flora of Iran. 2013
AW. Iwatsuki K., Yamazaki T., Boufford D. E. & Ohba H. (eds.), Flora of Japan 3(b). 1995
AX. Pavlov N. V., Flora Kazachstana 9. 1966
AY. Akademija Nauk Kirgizskoj SSR, Institut Botaniki, Laboratorija Sistematiki Vysšich Rastenij, Flora Kirgizskoj SSR : opredelitel' rastenij Kirgizskoj SSR. 1965
AZ. Lazkov G. A. & Sultanova B. A., Kadastr flory Kyrgyzstana: sosudistye rasteniya / Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. – Norrlinia 24. 2011
BA. Chang C.-S. & al., Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea Peninsula Flora. 2014 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
BB. Park C.-W., The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea. 2007
BC. Mouterde, P., Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Texte 3. 1978-1984
BD. Post, G. E. , Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai 2. 1933
BE. Zohary, M. & Feinbrun-Dothan, N., Flora Palaestina 3. 1978
BF. Grubov V. I., Key to the Vascular Plants of Mongolia II. 2001
BG. Tahtadžjan, A. L., Konspekt flory Kavkaza / Conspectus Florae Caucasi 3(1), 2008
BH. Takeschi T., Flora of Bonin Islands, ed. 2. 2003
BI. Kilian N. & Ghazanfar S. - Asteraceae in Ghazanfar S., Flora of the Sultanate of Oman. – Scripta Bot. Belg. 55. 2015
BJ. Danin A. & al., Flora of Israel online
BK. Kasapligil, B., Plants of Jordan with notes on their ecology and economic uses. 1956
BL. Al-Eisawi, D., List of Jordan vascular plants in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 18. 1982
BM. Taifour H., El-Oqlah A. & (ed.) Ghazanfar S. A., The plants of Jordan, an annotated checklist. 2017
BN. Chaudhary S. A. (ed.), Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2(3). 2000
BO. Täckholm, V., Students' flora of Egypt, ed. 2. 1974
BP. Akademija Nauk Tadžikskoj SSR, Botaničeskij Institut, Flora Tadžikskoj SSR 10. 1991
BQ. Gagnidze, R., Flora Gruzii, ed. 2, 14. 2003
BR. Grossgejm, A. A., Flora kavkaza 4. 1934
BS. Kechoveli, N. N., Flora Gruzii 8. 1952
BT. Komarov, Fl. URSS 29. 1964
BU. Tahtadžjan, A. L., Konspekt flory Kavkaza / Conspectus Florae Caucasi 3(1), 2008 (as Sonchus asper (L.) Hill)
BV. Tahtažan, A. L., Flora Armenii 9. 1995
BW. Karjagin, I. I., Flora azerbajdžana 8. 1961
BX. Güner A. (ed.), Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). 2012
BY. Seçmen, Ö. & Leblebici, E., Gökçeada ve Bozcaada adalarının vejetasyon ve florası. II. Florası. in Bitki 5. 1978
BZ. Schischkin B. K. & Nikitin V. V., Flora Turkmenia VII. 1960
CA. Kovalevsk. - in Vvedensky, Fl. Uzbekistan. 6. 1962
CB. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. & Strong M. T., Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. – Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98. 2012
CC. Anderson C., Hind D. J. N., Beman J. H. & Beaman R. S. - Asteraceae in Anderson C., Beaman J. H. & Beaman R. S., The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 4. 2001
CD. Hajra P. K., Rao R. R., Singh D. K. and Uniyal B. P., Flora of India 12. 1995
CE. Press J. R. & al., Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal; updated online version
CF. Koster J. T., The Compositae of New Guinea V in Blumea 23(1). 1976
CG. Ghafoor A. & al., Flora of Pakistan 222. Asteraceae (IV) Cichorieae. 2017
CH. Merrill E. D., An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. 1923
CI. Koyama H. & al., Flora of Thailand 13(2) Compositae. 2016
CJ. Koyama H., Taxonomic Studies in the Compositae of Thailand 13. Tribe Lactuceae in Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. Series B, Botany 27(4). 2001
CK. Lê Kim Biên, Thục-vât-chí-Viêt-Nam / Flora of Vietnam 7. Họ cúc / Asteraceae. 2007
CL. Garnock-Jones P. J. - Cichorioideae in Webb C. J., Sykes W. R. & Garnock-Jones P. J., Flora of New Zealand 4. 1988
CM. Cheeseman T. F., Manual of the New Zealand Flora, ed. 2. 1925
CN. Burbidge N. T. & Gray M., Flora of the Australian Capital territory. 1970
CO. Jeanes J. A. - 18. Chondrilla - 32. Tragopogon in Walsh N. G. & Entwisle T. J., Flora of Victoria 4. 1999
CP. Jesso J. P. & Toelken H. R., Flora of South Australia, ed. 4, 3. 1986
CQ. Murray L. - 168. Tragopogon - 177. Youngia in Harden G. J., Flora of New South Wales 3. 1992
CR. Wilson A. (ed.), Flora of Australia 37. 2015
CS. Beadle N. C. W., Students flora of the north eastern New South Wales 4. 1980
CT. Cunningham G. M., Mulham W. E., Milthorpe P. L. & Leigh J. H., Plants of Western New South Wales. 1981
CU. Wheeler J., Marchant N., Lewington M. & Graham L. - Flora of the South West (Burnbury, Augusta, Denmark) in Fl. Australia Suppl. Ser. 12(2). 2002
CV. Stanley T. D. & Ross E. M., Flora of south-eastern Queensland 2. 1986
CW. Barrett R. & Eng Pin Tay, Perth Plants. A field guide to bushland and coastal flora of Kings Park and Bold Park, Perth, Western Australia. 2005
CX. Bennett E. M., The Bushland Plants of Kings Park. Western Australia. 1998
CY. Lander N. S. - Family 113. Asteraceae (Compositae) in Marchant N. G., Wheeler J. R., Rye B. L., Bennett E. M., Lander N. S. & Macfarlane T. D., Flora of the Perth Region 2. 1987
CZ. Demiri, M., Flora ekskursioniste e shqiperise. 1983
DA. Vangjeli, A., Flora e Shqiperise 4. 1999
DB. Vangjeli, J., Udhëheqës fushor i florës së Shqipërisë. 2003
DC. Adler, W. , Oswald, K. & Fischer, R., Exkursionsflora von Österreich. 1994
DD. Seitter, H., Die Flora des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. 1977
DE. Bolos, O. de & al., Flora manual dels països catalans. 1990
DF. Bolòs, O. de & Vigo, J., Flora dels països catalans 3. 1995
DG. Duvigneaud, J., Catalogue provisoire de la flore des Baléares [ed. 2] in Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Médit. 17, suppl. 1979 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
DH. Duvigneaud, J., Catalogue provisoire de la flore des Baléares [ed. 2] in Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Médit. 17, suppl. 1979 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. oleraceus)
DI. Fraga, P., Mascaró, C., Carreras, D., Garcia, O., Pallicer, X., Pons, M., Seoane, M. & Truyol, M., Catàleg de la flora vascular de Menorca. 2004
DJ. Knoche, H., Flora balearica 2. 1922
DK. Talavera S. & al. (ed.), Flora iberica 16(2). Compositae (partim). 2017
DL. Kuusk, V. , Tabaka, L. & Jankjavičene, R., Flora baltijskih republik. Svodka sosudistyh rastenij 3. 2003
DM. Dedkov, V. P. (ed. ), Konspekt sosudistyh rastenij Kaliningradskoj Oblasti. 1999
DN. Fedorov, A. A., Flora evropejskoj časti SSSR 8 [Cvelev, N. N.]. 1989
DO. Van Rompaey, E. & Delvosalle, L., Atlas van de Belgische en Luxemburgse flora – Pteridofyten en Spermatofyten.. 1972
DP. Colling, G., Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg in Ferrantia 42. 2005
DQ. Andreev, N. & Kozucharov, S. I., Opredelitel na vissite rastenija v Balgarija. 1992
DR. As’ov, B., Dimitrov, D., Vasilev, R. & Petrova, A., Konspekt na visšata flora na Bălgarija, ed. 2. 2002
DS. Hayek, A. von, Prodromus florae peninsulae balcanicae, 2 in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2). 1928-1931
DT. Stojanov, N., Stefanov, B. & Kitanov, B, Flora na Bălgarija, ed. 4, 2. 1967
DU. Gamisans, J., Catalogue des plantes vasculaires de la Corse. 1985
DV. Jeanmonod D. & Schlüssel A., Compléments au Prodrome de la Flore Corse. Asteraceae III. 2012 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
DW. Jeanmonod, D. & Burdet, H. M., Catalogue des plantes vasculaires de la Corse, ed. 2. 1993
DX. Dostál, J., Nová kvetena CSSR 2. 1989
DY. Dostál, J., Vel’ký kl’úc na určovanie vyšších rastlín 2. 1992
DZ. Kubát, K., Klíč ke květeně České republiky. 2002
EA. Slavík, B. & Štěpánková, J., Květena České Republiky 7. 2004
EB. Marhold, K. & Hindák, F., Zoznam nižších a vyšších rastlín Slovenska. 1998
EC. Hansen, K., Dansk feltflora. 1993
ED. Lid, J. & Lid, D. T., Norsk Flora, ed. 6. 1994
EE. Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. & Uotila, P., Retkeilykasvio, ed. 4. 1998
EF. Coste, H., Flore descriptive et illustree de la France 2. 1902-1903
EG. Fournier, P., Les quatre flores de la France, Corse comprise. 1934-1940
EH. Guinochet, M. & Vilmorin, R. de, Flore de France 4. 1982
EI. Rothmaler, W., Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 3. Gefäßpflanzen: Atlasband, ed. 10. 2000
EJ. Rothmaler, W., Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 4. Gefäßpflanzen: Kritischer Band, ed. 8. 1994
EK. Wisskirchen, R. & Haeupler, H., Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. 1998
EL. Halácsy, E. de, Conspectus florae graecae 2. 1902 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
EM. Rechinger, K. H., Flora Aegaea. Flora der Inseln und Halbinseln des Ägäischen Meeres in Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 105(1). 1944 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
EN. Horváth, F. , Dobolyi, Z. K. , Morschhauser, T, Lőkös, L. , Karas, L. & Szerdahelyi, T., Flóra adatbázis 1.2. Taxon-lista és attribútum allomány. 1995
EO. Simon, T., A magyarországi edényes flóra határozója. Harasztok - virágos növények.. 1992
EP. Wasowicz P. & al. in Flora 208. 2013
EQ. Scannell, M. J. P. & Synnott, D. M., Census catalogue of the flora of Ireland, ed. 2. 1987
ER. Webb, D. A. , Parnell, J. & Doogue, D., An Irish Flora. 1996
ES. Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A., Blasi, C. (eds.), An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. 2005
ET. Coste, H., Flore descriptive et illustree de la France 2. 1902-1903 (as Sonchus lacerus)
EU. Fiori, A., Nuova flora analitica d’Italia 2. 1925-1929 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. ciliatus)
EV. Fiori, A., Nuova flora analitica d’Italia 2. 1925-1929 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
EW. Fiori, A., Nuova flora analitica d’Italia 2. 1925-1929 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. subbipinnatifidus)
EX. Pignatti, S., Flora d'Italia 3. 1982
EY. Zangheri, P., Flora italica 1. 1976
EZ. Zangheri, P., Flora italica 1. 1976 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
FA. Jahn, R. & Schönfelder, P., Exkursionsflora für Kreta. 1995
FB. Mosyakin, S. L. & Fedoronchuk, M. M. , Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. 1999
FC. Prokudin, J. N. (ed.), Opredelitel’ vysših rastenij Ukrainy. 1987
FD. Vul’f, E. V., Flora Kryma/Flora Taurica 3(2). 1966
FE. Vul’f, E. V., Flora Kryma/Flora Taurica 3(2). 1966 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
FF. Meijden, R. van der, Heukels' Flora van Nederland, ed. 21. 1990
FG. Jurcev, B. A., Flora arctica URSS 10. 1987
FH. Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkova, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M., in Biodivers. Poland 1. 2002
FI. Mirek, Z., Vascular plants of Poland. A Checklist. in Polish Bot. Stud., Guideb. Ser. 15. 1995
FJ. Coutinho, A. X. P., A flora de Portugal, ed. 2. 1939
FK. Coutinho, A. X. P., A flora de Portugal, ed. 2. 1939 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
FL. Sampaio, G., Flora portuguesa, ed. 2. 1947
FM. Sampaio, G., Flora portuguesa, ed. 2. 1947 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
FN. Ciocârlan, V., Flora ilustrata a României 2. 1990
FO. Popescu, A. & Sanda, V., Conspectul florei cormofitelor spontane din România in Acta Bot. Horti Bucurest. [suppl.]. 1998
FP. Haslam, S. M., Sell, P. D. & Wolsely, P. A., A Flora of the Maltese Islands. 1977
FQ. Lanfranco, G. G. , Guide to the flora of Malta. 1955
FR. Rohlena, J., Conspectus florae montenegrinae in Preslia 20-21. 1942
FS. Losa, M. & Montserrat, P., Aportación al conocimiento de la flora de Andorra. 1951
FT. Linares, L. , Checklist of the Gibraltar Flora in Alectoris 8. 1993
FU. Cadevall I Diars, J. & Sallent, A., Flora de Catalunya 3(3-6). 1923
FV. Valdes, B., Talavera, S. & Fernandez-Galiano, E., Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental 3. 1987
FW. Willkomm, M. & Lange J., Prodromus florae hispanicae 2. 1865-1870
FX. Willkomm, M. & Lange J., Prodromus florae hispanicae 2. 1865-1870 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
FY. Karlsson, T. , Förteckning över svenska kärlväxter in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 91(5). 1998
FZ. Krok, T. O. B. N. & Almquist, S., Svensk Flora: Fanerogamer och ormbunksvaxter 27, ed. 27. 1994
GA. Aeschimann, D. & Burdet, H. M., Flore de la Suisse, ed. 2. 1994
GB. Hess, H. E., Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete, ed. 4. 1998
GC. Webb, D. A., The Flora of European Turkey in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., B 65/B/1. 1966
GD. Nikolić, T., Flora Croatica. Index florae Croaticae, 3 in Nat. Croat. 9, suppl. 1. 2000
GE. Josifović, M. & al., Flora SR Srbije 7. 1975
GF. Martinčič, A., Mala flora Slovenije, ed. 3. 1999
GG. Trpin, D. & Vreš, B., Register flore Slovenije. Praprotnice in cvetnice. 1995
GH. Strother J. L. - 51. Hieracium in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America. North of Mexico 19. 2006
GI. Brouillet L., Coursol F., Favreau M. & Anions M., VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada
GJ. Shreve F. & Wiggins I. L., Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert 2. 1964
GK. Moran R., The Flora of Guadalupe Island, Mexico in Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 19. 1996
GL. Caldéron de Rzedowski G., Familia Compositae. Tribu Lactucae in Flora del Bajio y des Regiones Adyacentes 54. 1997
GM. Rzedowski J. & Caldéron de Rzedowski G. - Lactuca L. - Taraxacum Weber in Rzedowski J. & Caldéron de Rzedowski G. (Eds.), Flora Fanerogámica del Valle de México, ed. 1, 2. 1985
GN. Wilson R. K. - Asteraceae (Compositae) in Martin P. S., Yetman D., Fishbein M., Jenkins P., van Devender T. R. & Wilson R. K. (ed.), Gentry's Rio Mayo Plants. The tropical deciduous forest and environs of Northwest Mexico. 1998
GO. Wiggins I. L., Flora of Baja California. 1980
GP. Sykes W. R., Flora of the Cook Islands. 2016
GQ. A. C. Smith & G. D. Carr - Family 186. Asteraceae in A. C. Smith, Flora vitiensis nova 5. 1991
GR. H. S. Mackee, Les plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. 1985
GS. Baeza C. M., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K. & Urtubey E. - Lactucaceae in Zuloaga F. O., Morrone O. & Belgrano M. J. (eds.), Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentinia, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay) 2. 2008
GT. Zuloaga F. O. & Morrone O. (ed.), Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina II in Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74. 1999
GU. Hokche O., Berry P. E. & Huber O. (eds.), Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela. 2008
GV. Urtubey E. - Lactuceae in Kiesling R. (ed.), Flora de San Juan, Republica Argentina 3b. 2013
GW. Correll D. S. & Correll H. B., Flora of the Bahama Archipelago (Including the Turks and Caicos Islands). 1982
GX. D. J. N. Hind, An annotated preliminary checklist of the Compositae of Bolivia . 2009
GY. Møller P. & al., Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. 2014
GZ. Hind D. J. N. & Miranda E. B., Preliminary List of the Compositae in Northeastern Brazil. 2008
HA. Avila F. & al. - Asteraceae in Bernal R. & al., Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. 2016
HB. Greuter W. & Rankin R., The Spermatophyta and Pteridophyta of Cuba, a preliminary checklist. 2017
HC. Liogier H. A., Flora de Cuba 5. 1963
HD. Liogier A. H., La Flora de la Española VIII in Serie Científica ser. 29, 72. 1996
HE. Nash D. L., Flora of Guatemala- Tribe XI. Cichorieae in Fieldiana 24. 1976
HF. Howard R. A., Flora of the Lesser Antilles (Lewards and Windward Islands) 6 (3). 1989
HG. Liogier H. A., Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and adjancent islands 5. 1997
HH. Aristeguieta L., Compositae in Flora de Venezuela 10(2). 1964
HI. Hoyos F. J., Flora de la Isla Margarita- Venzuela in Monografia 34. 1985
HJ. Lind E. M. & Tallantire A. C., Some common flowering plants of Uganda. 1962
HK. Vangjeli, J., Flora e Shqipërisë 4. 1999
HL. Nehmé, M., Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Flore du Liban. 2000
HM. Chaudhary S. A. - 73. Hedypnois - 87. Crepis in Chaudhary S. A. (ed.), Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2(3). 2000
HN. Mandaville J. P., Flora of Eastern Saudi Arabia. 1990
HO. Nehmé, M., Etymological Dictionary of Syrian Flora. 2008
HP. Jongbloed M. V. D., The comprehensive guide to the wild flowers of the United Arab Emirates. 2003
HQ. Tahtadžjan, A. L., Flora Armenii 9. 1995
HR. Jeanmonod D. & Gamisans J., Flora Corsica. 2007
HS. Anderberg, A. A. & Anderberg, A.-L., Den virtuella floran
HT. Van Wyk B. & Malan S., Field guide to the wild flowers of the Witwatersrand and Pretoria region including the Magaliesberg and Suikerbosrand. 1998
HU. Viney D. E., An illustrated Flora of North Cyprus. 1994 (as Sonchus)
HV. Dony, J. G. , Jury, S. L. & Perring, F. H., English Names of Wild Flowers, a list recommended by the Botanical Society of the British Isles, ed. 2. 1986
HW. Crowe A., A field guide to the native edible plants of New Zealand. 1997
HX. Kuusk, V., Tabaka, L. & Jankjavičene, R., Flora baltijskih republik. Svodka sosudistyh rastenij 3. 2003
HY. Mauhin, F., Les noms français des plantes vasculaires de Belgique et des Régions voisines . 2007
HZ. Anonymous [Association Tela Botanica], Tela Botanica, le réseau de la botanique francophone. Flores en ligne, France métropolitaine
IA. Baker J. G., Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles: A description of the flowering plants and ferns of these island. 1877
IB. Scott A. J. - Lactuceae in Bosser J., Guého J. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), Flore des Mascareignes. La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues 109. 1993
IC. De Cordemoy E. J., Flore de l'île de la Réunion: Phanérogames, Cryptogames vasculaires, Muscinées avec l'indication de propriétés économiques et industrielles des plantes. 1895
ID. Aeschimann, D. & Heitz, C., Index synonymique de la flore de Suisse et territoires limitrophes (ISFS). 1996
IE. Rothmaler, W., Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 4: Gefäßpflanzen: Kritischer Band, ed. 10. 2005
IF. Avinoam Danin, Flora of Israel Online - http://flora.huji.ac.il
IG. Maheshwari J. K., The Flora of Delhi. 1963
IH. Lawalrée A. - 56. Tolpis - 61. Crepis in Troupin G., Flore du Rwanda. Spermatophytes 3. 1985
II. De Koning J., Checklist of vernacular plant names in Mozambique. – Wageningen Agr. Univ. Pap. 93.2. 1993
IJ. Gejdeman, T. S., Opredelitel' vysših rastenij Moldavskoj SSR, ed. 3. 1986
IK. Fichtl R. & Adi A., Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. 1994
IL. Karlsson, T., Checklista över Nordens kärlväxter . 2004
IM. Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam, Vietnam Plant data center. Plant database. 2007
IN. Jeffrey C. - Compositae (Asteraceae) in Hanelt P. (ed.), Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals) 4. 2001: 2056
IO. Mejías J. A. & Andrés C., Karyological studies in Iberian Sonchus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae): S. oleraceus, S. microcephalus and S. asper and a general discussion. in Folia Geobot. 39: 275-291. 2004
IP. Stebbins G. L. & al., Chromosomes and phylogeny in the Compositae, tribe Cichorieae in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 26: 401-430. 1953