Sonchus oleraceus

Common names
(Australia): ThalaakA; (Mexico): achicoria dulceB, borrajaB, cardoB, cerrajaB, endiviaB, falos diente de léonB, lechuguillaB, mitihuaracaB, muela de caballoB, verdolaga de puercoB; Acoli (Uganda): LapukuC; Albanian (Albania): Rrëshyell perimeD,1; Arabic (Lebanon): بَقْلَة يَهودِيَّةE,1, تِفاف بَقْليE,1, لِبَّيْـنE,1; Arabic (Saudi Arabia): HawwaF, KhuwaishF, KhuwwayshG; Arabic (Syria): بَقْلَة يَهودِيَّةH,1, تِفاف بَقْليH,1, لِبَّيْـنH,1; Arabic (United Arab Emirates): adheedI, dalaweenI, galaweinI, hawaI, khas al wazI, khuwayshI, odeidI; Armenian (Armenia): Կաթնբեկ բանջարանոցայինJ,1; Basque (Spain): AstaurrazaK, GardugueraK, KardaberaK, KardueK; Bulgarian (Bulgaria): Градински кострецL,1; Catalan; Valencian (Spain): AlextóK, LlacsonsK, LletsóK, LliscóK; Chinese (China): 苦苣菜 ku ju caiM; Corsican (Corse): Cardu mansuN,1, CicerbitaN,1, LattaghjonuN,1, LattaroneN,1; Danish (Denmark): Almindelig SvinemælkO,1; Dutch; Flemish (South Africa): SydisselP; English (Australia): Common SowthistleA,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X, Milk ThistleA, Sow ThistleY, annual SowthistleA, milk thistleT; English (Bahamas): Sow ThistleZ; English (Caribbean): Sow thistleZ; English (Cyprus): Sow ThistleAA; English (Great Britain): Smooth Sow-thistleAB,1; English (Indian Subcontinent): milk weedAC; English (Jamaica): Sow-thistleZ; English (New Zealand): Sow ThistleAD, Sow thistleAE, Sow-thistleAF; English (Northern America): Common sow-thistleAG; English (South Africa): Sow thistleP; English (United Arab Emirates): smooth sow thistleI, wild lettuceI; Estonian (Estonia): Harilik piimohakasAH,1; Finnish (Finland): KaalivalvattiO,1; French (Belgium): Laiteron maraîcherAI,1; French (Corse): Laiteron maraîcherN,1; French (France): Laiteron lisseAJ,2, Laiteron maraîcherAJ,1, Laiteron potagerAJ,1; French (Haiti): Chicorée; French (Mascarene Islands): LastronAK,AL, Lastron douxAL, Lastron tendreAL; French (Northern America): Laiteron potagerAG; French (Réunion): Lastron douxAM, Lastron tendreAM; French (Switzerland): Laiteron maraîcherAN,1; Galician (Spain): Cardo molarK, CerraxaK, SerrallaK; Ganda (Uganda): KakovuC; German (Germany): Kohl-GänsedistelAO,1; German (Switzerland): Gemeine GänsedistelAN,1; Hebrew (Israel): מְרוֹר הַגִּנּוֹתAP,1, מרור הגינותAP,1; Hindi (India): Dodak, Dudhi, Pili dudhiAQ; Hindi (Indian Subcontinent): DudhiAC; Ibanag (Philippines): GagatangAR; Icelandic (Iceland): GyltufífillAS; Italian (Italy): CicerbitaAT,2, CrespignoAT,2, Grespino comuneAT,1, LattaroloAT,2; Italian (Switzerland): Grespino comuneAN,1; Kilur (Central and East Africa): ArchakAU; Kinyarwanda (Central and East Africa): IkigembegembeAU, RururiraAU, RuvugamahomvuAU; Kinyarwanda (Rwanda): IkigembegembeAV, RururiraAV; Korean (Korea): bang-ga-ji-tongAW; Lango (Uganda) (Uganda): ApurukuC; Latvian (Latvia): Dārza mīkstpieneAH,1; Makhuwa (Mozambique): nlumi-inyotoAX; Maori (New Zealand): PororuaAF, RaurikiAD,AF; Marathi (Indian Subcontinent): PathariAC; Nilo-Saharan (Other) (Central and East Africa): ZapeAU; Norwegian (Norway): HaredylleO,1; Nyankole (Uganda): EkijwamateC, EkinyamateC, OrunyamateC; Nyoro (Uganda): EkinyahwaC; Nyungwe (Mozambique): chiru ma ngombeAX; Oromo (East Africa): aramà; Panjabi; Punjabi (Indian Subcontinent): DodakAC; Polish (Poland): Mlecz warzywnyAY,2, Mlecz zwyczajnyAY,1; Portuguese (Portugal): LeitarugaK, SerralhaK; Purepecha (Mexico): tsktsuk chekamitiB; Romanian (Moldova): Сусай де-грэдинэAZ,1; Ronga (Mozambique): cimboAX, ilhaviAX; Russian (Armenia): Осот огородныйJ,1; Sinhala; Sinhalese (Sri Lanka): Gal-potu-kolaBA; Spanish; Castilian (Cuba): AlgodoncilloZ, CerlechosaZ, CerrajaZ; Spanish; Castilian (Dominican Republic): AchicoriaZ, BorrajaZ, Borraja moradaZ, ChicoriaZ, LechuguillaZ, LechuguilloZ; Spanish; Castilian (Puerto Rico): AchicoriaZ, Achicoria silvestreZ, ChicoriaZ; Spanish; Castilian (Spain): AcerrajaK, AchicoriasK, AlborrajaK, CardenchaK, Cardo molarK, LecheraK, SerrajaK; Swedish (Sweden): KålmjölktistelO,2, KålmolkeBB,1, MjölktistelO,2; Telugu (Indian Subcontinent): RatrinataAC; Tsonga (Mozambique): hlaveAX, hlaviAX, inhlaviAX, sudeAX; Turkish (Cyprus): SütleğenAA; Turkish (Turkey): KuzugevreğiBC; Vietnamese (Vietnam): Diếp dạiBD, Rau cúc sữaBD, Rau diếp đắngBD, Rau nhũ cúcBD, Tục đoạn rauBD,BE
1. recommended, 2. synonym
Description
Herb, annual or biennial, 10-150 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, often glaucous and tinged red or purple, glabrous or sometimes glandular at the uppermost nodes, unbranched or weakly branched. Lower cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 6.0-30.0 cm long, 2.0-12.0 cm wide, usually pinnatisect, pinnatipartite or entire, spinose or entire, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; terminal lobe deltoid or nearly circular; lateral lobes 4-6, oblong, obtuse or acute. Middle and upper cauline leaves amplexicaul and auriculate with acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate auricles, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 5-15 heads. Peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, glandular, floccose or glabrous. Heads with more than 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts glandular or glabrous, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly deltoid, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, up to 12.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow or less often white; tube c. 7.0 mm long, thinly woolly towards apex; ligule c. 6.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 12.0 mm long; branches c. 1.2 mm long. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, strongly compressed, c. 3.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, scabridulous, wrinkled transversely, pale brown, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each face. Pappus white, up to 7.0 mm long, flexible, remotely scabridulous or barbellate.
Based on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. Sonchus - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.
Based on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. Sonchus - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.
Distribution
Africa: Algeria native ‒ nativeBH,BI,BJ; Angola introducedBK; Azores nativeBL,BM,BN,BO; Burkina introducedBP; Cameroon introducedAU,BQ,BR,BS,BT; Canary Is. introducedBM; Cape Verde introducedBU; Chad introducedBV; Egypt nativeBW,BX; Gulf of Guinea Is. (Bioko introducedBY,BZ, São Tomé introducedCA); Kenya introducedAU; Libya nativeCB,CC,CD,CE; Madeira introducedBM; Morocco nativeCF,CG,CH,CI; Nigeria introducedAU,BR,BS,CJ; Selvagens introducedBM; Somalia introducedCK; Sudan introducedCL,CM; Tanzania introducedCM; Tunisia nativeCN,CO; Uganda introducedAU,BR,BS; Zaire introducedAU,BR; Zimbabwe introducedCM Antarctic: Falkland Is. introducedCP Asia-Temperate: Afghanistan nativeCQ,CR; Altay nativeCS; Amur nativeCT; Buryatiya nativeCS; China North-Central (Gansu introducedCU,M, Hebei introducedCU,M, Shaanxi introducedCU,M, Shandong introducedCU,M, Shanxi introducedCU,M); China South-Central (Guizhou introducedCU,M, Hubei introducedCU,M, Sichuan introducedCU,M, Yunnan introducedCU,M); China Southeast (Anhui introducedCU,M, Fujian introducedCU,M, Guangdong introducedCU, Guangxi introducedCU,M, Henan introducedCU,M, Hunan introducedCU,M, Jiangsu introducedCU,M, Jiangxi introducedCU,M, Zhejiang introducedCU,M); Chita nativeCS; Cyprus nativeCV,CW,CX; East Aegean Is. nativeCY,CZ,DA; Gulf States (Qatar introducedDB, United Arab Emirates introducedDC); Hainan introducedM; Inner Mongolia (Ningxia introducedM); Iran nativeCR,DD; Iraq nativeCR,DE; Irkutsk nativeCS; Japan introducedDF; Kazakhstan nativeDG; Khabarovsk nativeCT; Kirgizistan nativeDH,DI; Korea introducedAW,DJ,DK; Krasnoyarsk nativeCS; Lebanon-Syria (Lebanon nativeDL,DM, Syria nativeDL,DN); Manchuria (Liaoning introducedCU,M); Mongolia native: doubtfully nativeDO; North Caucasus nativeDP,DQ,DR (Dagestan nativeDS, Kabardino-Balkariya nativeDS, Krasnodar native ‒ nativeDS, Stavropol nativeDS); Ogasawara-shoto introducedDT; Oman introducedDU; Palestine (Israel nativeDM,DN,DV,DW, Jordan nativeDM,DN,DX,DY); Primorye nativeCT; Qinghai introducedCU,M; Sakhalin nativeCT; Saudi Arabia introducedDZ; Sinai nativeBX,DM,EA; Tadzhikistan nativeEB; Taiwan introducedCU,M; Tibet introducedCU,M; Transcaucasus (Abkhaziya nativeDQ,DR,DS,EC,ED, Adzhariya nativeEE, Armenia nativeDQ,DS,J, Azerbaijan nativeDQ,DR,DS,EF, Georgia nativeDS,EC, Nakhichevan nativeDQ); Turkey nativeBC,CY,EG; Turkmenistan nativeCR,EH; Uzbekistan nativeEI; West Siberia nativeCS; Xinjiang introducedCU,M; Yakutskiya nativeCS Asia-Tropical: Bangladesh introduced; Borneo (Sabah introducedEJ,Z); India introducedAC; Nepal introducedEK; New Guinea (Irian Jaya introducedEL, Papua New Guinea introducedEL); Pakistan native: doubtfully nativeCR,EM; Philippines introducedAR; Thailand introducedEN,EO; Vietnam introducedBE Australasia: Antipodean Is. introducedAE; Chatham Is. introducedAE,AF; Kermadec Is. introducedAE,AF; New South Wales (Australian Capital Territory introducedEP,S,T,V,Y, New South Wales introducedA,EP,R,T,V,X,Y); New Zealand North introducedAE,AF; New Zealand South introducedAE,AF; Northern Territory introducedEP,T,V,X,Y; Queensland (Queensland introducedEP,T,V,W,X,Y); South Australia introducedEP,T,V,X,Y; Tasmania introducedA,EP,S,T,V,X,Y; Victoria introducedEP,T,V,X,Y; Western Australia (Ashmore-Cartier Is. introducedA, Western Australia introducedEP,EQ,Q,T,U,V,X,Y) Europe: Albania nativeBO,ER,ES,ET; Austria nativeBO (Austria nativeEU, Liechtenstein nativeEV); Baleares nativeBO,EW,EX,EY,EZ,FA,FB,K; Baltic States (Estonia nativeFC, Kaliningrad nativeFD, Latvia nativeFC, Lithuania nativeFC); Belarus nativeFE; Belgium (Belgium native ‒ nativeBO,FF, Luxembourg nativeFG); Bulgaria nativeBO,FH,FI,FJ,L; Central European Russia nativeFE; Corse nativeBO,FK,FL,FM; Czechoslovakia nativeBO (Czech Republic nativeFN,FO,FP,FQ, Slovakia nativeFN,FO,FR); Denmark nativeBO,FS,FT; East European Russia nativeFE; Finland native ‒ nativeBO,FT,FU; France nativeBO,EX,FV,FW,FX; Germany nativeBO,FY,FZ,GA; Great Britain nativeBO; Greece nativeBO,BW,CZ,DA,FI,GB,GC; Hungary nativeBO,GD,GE; Iceland introducedAS; Ireland nativeBO (Ireland nativeGF,GG, Northern Ireland nativeGF); Italy nativeAT,BO,GH,GI,GJ,GK,GL,GM,GN; Kriti nativeBO,CZ,DA,FI,GC,GO; Krym nativeBO,FE,GP,GQ,GR,GS; Netherlands nativeBO,GT; North European Russia nativeFE,GU; Northwest European Russia nativeFE; Norway nativeBO,FT; Poland native ‒ nativeAY,BO,GV; Portugal nativeBL,BO,GW,GX,GY,GZ,K; Romania nativeBO,FI,HA,HB; Sardegna nativeAT,BO,GH,GM; Sicily nativeBO (Malta nativeHC,HD,HE, Sicily nativeAT,GH,GK,GM); South European Russia nativeFE; Spain (Andorra nativeHF,K, Gibraltar nativeHG,K, Spain native ‒ nativeBO,EW,EX,HH,HI,HJ,HK,K); Sweden nativeBO,FT,HL,HM; Switzerland nativeBO,HN,HO; Turkey-in-Europe nativeBO,CY,HP; Ukraine (Moldova nativeFE,GP, Ukraine nativeFE,GQ); Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina nativeFI, Croatia nativeFI,HQ, Macedonia nativeFI, Montenegro nativeFI, Serbia nativeFI,HR, Slovenia nativeHS,HT) Northern America: Alabama introducedHU; Alaska introducedHU; Alberta introducedAG,HU; Arizona introducedHU,HV; Arkansas introducedHU; British Columbia introducedAG,HU; California introducedHU,HV; Colorado introducedHU; Connecticut introducedHU; Delaware introducedHU; District of Columbia introducedHU; Florida introducedHU; Georgia, U.S.A. introducedHU; Greenland introducedAG; Idaho introducedHU; Illinois introducedHU; Indiana introducedHU; Iowa introducedHU; Kansas introducedHU; Kentucky introducedHU; Labrador introducedHU; Louisiana introducedHU; Maine introducedHU; Manitoba introducedAG,HU; Maryland introducedHU; Massachusetts introducedHU; Mexican Pacific Is. (Guadalupe I. introducedHW); Mexico Central (Mexico Distrito Federal introducedB,HX,Z, Morelos introducedB, México State introducedB, Puebla introducedB, Tlaxcala introducedB); Mexico Gulf (Veracruz introducedB); Mexico Northeast (Chihuahua introducedB,HY, Coahuila introducedB, Guanajuato introducedB, Hidalgo introducedB, Nuevo León introducedB, Querétaro introducedB, San Luis Potosí introducedB, Tamaulipas introducedB, Zacatecas introducedB); Mexico Northwest (Baja California introducedB,HZ, Baja California Sur introducedB, Sinaloa introducedB, Sonora introducedB,HV,HY); Mexico Southeast (Campeche introducedB, Chiapas introducedB, Quintana Roo introducedB, Yucatán introducedB); Mexico Southwest (Colima introducedB, Guerrero introducedB, Jalisco introducedB, Michoacán introducedB, Oaxaca introducedB); Michigan introducedHU; Minnesota introducedHU; Mississippi introducedHU; Missouri introducedHU; Montana introducedHU; Nebraska introducedHU; Nevada introducedHU; New Brunswick introducedAG,HU; New Hampshire introducedHU; New Jersey introducedHU; New Mexico introducedHU; New York introducedHU; Newfoundland (Newfoundland introducedAG,HU, St.Pierre-Miquelon introducedAG); North Dakota introducedHU; Northwest Territories introducedAG,HU; Nova Scotia introducedAG,HU; Ohio introducedHU; Oklahoma introducedHU; Ontario introducedAG,HU; Oregon introducedHU; Pennsylvania introducedHU; Prince Edward I. introducedAG,HU; Québec introducedAG,HU; Rhode I. introducedHU; Saskatchewan introducedAG,HU; South Carolina introducedHU; South Dakota introducedHU; Tennessee introducedHU; Texas introducedHU; Utah introducedHU; Vermont introducedHU; Virginia introducedHU; Washington introducedHU; West Virginia introducedHU; Wisconsin introducedHU; Wyoming introducedHU Pacific: Cook Is. introducedIA; Fiji introducedIB; New Caledonia introducedIC Southern America: Argentina Northeast (Argentina Distrito Federal introducedID, Buenos Aires introducedID,IE, Chaco introducedID,IE, Corrientes introducedID,IE, Córdoba introducedID,IF, Formosa introducedID,IE, La Pampa introducedID,IE, Misiones introducedID,IE); Argentina Northwest (Catamarca introducedID,IE, Jujuy introducedID,IF, La Rioja introducedID,IE, Mendoza introducedID,IE, San Juan introducedID,IE,IG, San Luis introducedID,IE, Santiago del Estero introducedID,IE); Argentina South (Chubut introducedID,IE, Neuquén introducedID,IE, Rio Negro introducedID,IE, Santa Cruz introducedID,IE, Santa Fé introducedID,IE, Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) introducedID,IE); Bahamas introducedIH,Z; Bolivia introducedII,IJ; Brazil Northeast (Bahia introducedIK); Brazil South (Paraná introducedID, Rio Grande do Sul introducedID, Santa Catarina introducedID); Brazil Southeast (Trindade introducedZ); Chile Central (Biobío introducedID, Coquimbo introducedID, La Araucania introducedID, Maule introducedID, O'Higgins introducedID, Valparaíso introducedID); Chile North (Antofagasta introducedID, Atacama introduced, Tarapaca introducedID); Chile South (Los Lagos introducedID); Colombia introducedIL; Cuba introducedIM,IN,Z; Dominican Republic introducedIO,Z; Guatemala introducedIP; Haiti (Haiti introducedIO,Z); Jamaica introducedZ; Leeward Is. (Anguilla introducedIQ,Z, Antigua-Barbuda introducedIQ,Z, Guadeloupe introducedHZ,IQ,Z, Montserrat introducedIQ,Z, Netherlands Leeward Is. introduced ‒ introducedIQ,Z, St.Martin-St.Barthélémy introducedIQ,Z); Panamá introducedIP; Paraguay introducedID; Puerto Rico introducedIR,Z; Trinidad-Tobago introducedZ; Turks-Caicos Is. introducedIH; Uruguay introducedID; Venezuela introducedIF,IS; Venezuelan Antilles introducedIT; Windward Is. (Barbados introducedIQ,Z, Dominica introducedIQ,Z, Grenada introducedIQ,Z, Martinique introducedIQ,Z, St.Lucia introducedIQ,Z, St.Vincent introducedIQ,Z)
Uses
Sonchus oleraceus is used as salad or vegetable, the young leaves and shoots of wild-growing plants being eaten raw, cooked or slightly steamed, and also as a medicinal plant.IU
Bibliography
A. Cunningham G. M., Mulham W. E., Milthorpe P. L. & Leigh J. H., Plants of Western New South Wales. 1981
B. Caldéron de Rzedowski G., Familia Compositae. Tribu Lactucae in Flora del Bajio y des Regiones Adyacentes 54. 1997
F. Chaudhary S. A. - 73. Hedypnois - 87. Crepis in Chaudhary S. A. (ed.), Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2(3). 2000
I. Jongbloed M. V. D., The comprehensive guide to the wild flowers of the United Arab Emirates. 2003
P. Van Wyk B. & Malan S., Field guide to the wild flowers of the Witwatersrand and Pretoria region including the Magaliesberg and Suikerbosrand. 1998
Q. Barrett R. & Eng Pin Tay, Perth Plants. A field guide to bushland and coastal flora of Kings Park and Bold Park, Perth, Western Australia. 2005
U. Lander N. S. - Family 113. Asteraceae (Compositae) in Marchant N. G., Wheeler J. R., Rye B. L., Bennett E. M., Lander N. S. & Macfarlane T. D., Flora of the Perth Region 2. 1987
X. Wheeler J., Marchant N., Lewington M. & Graham L. - Flora of the South West (Burnbury, Augusta, Denmark) in Fl. Australia Suppl. Ser. 12(2). 2002
Y. Jeanes J. A. - 18. Chondrilla - 32. Tragopogon in Walsh N. G. & Entwisle T. J., Flora of Victoria 4. 1999
Z. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. & Strong M. T., Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. – Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 98. 2012
AB. Dony, J. G. , Jury, S. L. & Perring, F. H., English Names of Wild Flowers, a list recommended by the Botanical Society of the British Isles, ed. 2. 1986
AE. Garnock-Jones P. J. - Cichorioideae in Webb C. J., Sykes W. R. & Garnock-Jones P. J., Flora of New Zealand 4. 1988
AG. Brouillet L., Coursol F., Favreau M. & Anions M., VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada
AH. Kuusk, V., Tabaka, L. & Jankjavičene, R., Flora baltijskih republik. Svodka sosudistyh rastenij 3. 2003
AJ. Anonymous [Association Tela Botanica], Tela Botanica, le réseau de la botanique francophone. Flores en ligne, France métropolitaine
AK. Baker J. G., Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles: A description of the flowering plants and ferns of these island. 1877
AL. Scott A. J. - Lactuceae in Bosser J., Guého J. & Jeffrey C. (ed.), Flore des Mascareignes. La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues 109. 1993
AM. De Cordemoy E. J., Flore de l'île de la Réunion: Phanérogames, Cryptogames vasculaires, Muscinées avec l'indication de propriétés économiques et industrielles des plantes. 1895
AN. Aeschimann, D. & Heitz, C., Index synonymique de la flore de Suisse et territoires limitrophes (ISFS). 1996
AU. Lawalrée A., Dethier D. & Gilissen E., Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-Rwanda-Burundi). Spermatophytes, Compositae I. 1986
AX. Dahlst., Checklist of vernacular plant names in Mozambique. – Wageningen Agr. Univ. Pap. 93.2. 1993
BD. Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam, Vietnam Plant data center. Plant database. 2007
BF. Mejías J. A. & Andrés C., Karyological studies in Iberian Sonchus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae): S. oleraceus, S. microcephalus and S. asper and a general discussion. in Folia Geobot. 39: 275-291. 2004
BG. Stebbins G. L. & al., Chromosomes and phylogeny in the Compositae, tribe Cichorieae in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 26: 401-430. 1953
BI. Quézel, P. & Santa, S., Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. 1963
BJ. Quézel, P. & Santa, S., Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. 1963 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
BM. Hansen A. & Sunding P., Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4th revised edition in Sommerfeltia 17. 1994
BQ. Beentje H. J., Onana J.-M., Pollard B. J. & Hind D. J. N. - Compositae in Cheek M., Onana J.-M. & Pollard B. J. (ed.), The plants of Mount Oku and the Ijim Ridge, Cameroon. A conversation checklist. 2000
BR. Boulos L., Révision Systématique du genre Sonchus L. s.l. - V. Sous-genre 3. Origosonchus in Bot. Not. 127: 407-451. 1974 (as Sonchus angustissimus)
BS. Jeffrey C., Notes on Compositae: 1. The Cichorieae In East Tropical Africa in Kew Bull. 18 (3): 427-552. 1966
BT. Oliver D. & Hiern W. P. - Compositae in Oliver D., Flora of Tropical Africa 3. 1877 (as Sonchus angustissimus)
BU. Kilian N., Die Lactuceae (Compositae) der Kapverdischen Inseln (W-Afrika) in Willdenowia 18: 113-216. 1988 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
BY. Aedo C. & al., Bases documentales para la flora de Guinea ecuatorial. 1999 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
BZ. Velayos M. & al., Preliminary checklist of vascular plants of Bioko Island in Bot. Complut. 37: 109-133. 2013
CA. Figueiredo E. & al., Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe in Bothalia 41: 41–82
CB. Boulos L., A check-list of the Libyan flora 3. Compositae (by C. Jeffrey). in Candollea 34: 307-332. 1979
CG. Jahandiez, E. & Maire, R., Catalogue des plantes du Maroc 3. 1934 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
CI. Valdés, B., Rejdali, M., Achhal El Khadmiri, A., Jury, S. L. & Montserrat, J. M., Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Nord du Maroc, incluant des clés d’identification 2. 2002
CJ. Lisowski S. - Asteraceae in Akoègninou A., van der Burg W. J. & van der Maesen L. J. G., Flore Analytique du Bénin. 2006
CO. Pottier-Alapetite, G., Flore de la Tunisie. Angiospermes-Dicotyledones 2. Gamopetales 2. 1981 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
CQ. Breckle S.-W. & al., Vascular plants of Afghanistan, an augmented checklist. 2013 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
CS. Lomonosova M. N. - 74. Cichorium L. - 87. Lapsana L. in Krasnoborov I. M., Flora of Siberia 13. 2007
CZ. Dimopoulos P. & al., Vascular plants of Greece, an annotated checklist. Englera 31, ser. 31. 2013 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
DA. Rechinger K. H., Flora Aegaea. Flora der Inseln und Halbinseln des Ägäischen Meeres in Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 105(1). 1944
DH. Akademija Nauk Kirgizskoj SSR, Institut Botaniki, Laboratorija Sistematiki Vysšich Rastenij, Flora Kirgizskoj SSR : opredelitel' rastenij Kirgizskoj SSR. 1965
DI. Lazkov G. A. & Sultanova B. A., Kadastr flory Kyrgyzstana: sosudistye rasteniya / Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. – Norrlinia 24. 2011
DJ. Chang C.-S. & al., Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea Peninsula Flora. 2014 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
DK. Pak J.-H. & Yang J.-Y. - Cichorieae in Park C.-W. (ed.), Flora of Korea 6c-1. Asteridae: Asteraceae (1). 2017
DU. Kilian N. & Ghazanfar S. - Asteraceae in Ghazanfar S., Flora of the Sultanate of Oman. – Scripta Bot. Belg. 55. 2015
DX. Al-Eisawi, D., List of Jordan vascular plants in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 18: 79-182. 1982
DY. Taifour H., El-Oqlah A. & (ed.) Ghazanfar S. A., The plants of Jordan, an annotated checklist. 2017
EE. Tahtadžjan, A. L., Konspekt flory Kavkaza / Conspectus Florae Caucasi 3(1), 2008 (as Sonchus asper)
EG. Seçmen, Ö. & Leblebici, E., Gökçeada ve Bozcaada adalarının vejetasyon ve florası. II. Florası. in Bitki 5: 271-368. 1978
EJ. Anderson C., Hind D. J. N., Beman J. H. & Beaman R. S. - Asteraceae in Anderson C., Beaman J. H. & Beaman R. S., The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 4. 2001
EO. Koyama H., Taxonomic Studies in the Compositae of Thailand 13. Tribe Lactuceae in Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. Series B, Botany 27(4): 133-148. 2001
EY. Duvigneaud J., Catalogue provisoire de la flore des Baléares [ed. 2] in Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Médit. 17, suppl: 1-43. 1979 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
EZ. Duvigneaud J., Catalogue provisoire de la flore des Baléares [ed. 2] in Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Médit. 17, suppl: 1-43. 1979 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. oleraceus)
FA. Fraga, P., Mascaró, C., Carreras, D., Garcia, O., Pallicer, X., Pons, M., Seoane, M. & Truyol, M., Catàleg de la flora vascular de Menorca. 2004
FC. Kuusk, V. , Tabaka, L. & Jankjavičene, R., Flora baltijskih republik. Svodka sosudistyh rastenij 3. 2003
FF. Van Rompaey, E. & Delvosalle, L., Atlas van de Belgische en Luxemburgse flora – Pteridofyten en Spermatofyten. 1972
FH. As’ov, B., Dimitrov, D., Vasilev, R. & Petrova, A., Konspekt na visšata flora na Bălgarija, ed. 2. 2002
FI. Hayek, A. von, Prodromus florae peninsulae balcanicae, 2 in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2). 1928–1931
FL. Jeanmonod D. & Schlüssel A., Compléments au Prodrome de la Flore Corse. Asteraceae III. 2012 (as Sonchus oleraceus)
GC. Rechinger K. H., Flora Aegaea. Flora der Inseln und Halbinseln des Ägäischen Meeres in Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 105(1). 1944 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
GD. Horváth, F., Dobolyi, Z. K., Morschhauser, T, Lőkös, L., Karas, L. & Szerdahelyi, T., Flóra adatbázis 1.2. Taxon-lista és attribútum allomány. 1995
GH. Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A., Blasi, C. (eds.), An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. 2005
GL. Fiori, A., Nuova flora analitica d’Italia 2. 1925–1929 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. subbipinnatifidus)
GP. Mosyakin, S. L. & Fedoronchuk, M. M., Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. 1999
HB. Popescu, A. & Sanda, V., Conspectul florei cormofitelor spontane din România in Acta Bot. Horti Bucurest. [suppl.]. 1998
HI. Valdes, B., Talavera, S. & Fernandez-Galiano, E., Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental 3. 1987
HK. Willkomm, M. & Lange J., Prodromus florae hispanicae 2. 1865–1870 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
HU. Strother J. L. - 51. Hieracium in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America. North of Mexico 19. 2006
HX. Rzedowski J. & Caldéron de Rzedowski G. - Lactuca L. - Taraxacum Weber in Rzedowski J. & Caldéron de Rzedowski G. (Eds.), Flora Fanerogámica del Valle de México, ed. 1, 2. 1985
HY. Wilson R. K. - Asteraceae (Compositae) in Martin P. S., Yetman D., Fishbein M., Jenkins P., van Devender T. R. & Wilson R. K. (ed.), Gentry's Rio Mayo Plants. The tropical deciduous forest and environs of Northwest Mexico. 1998
ID. Baeza C. M., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K. & Urtubey E. - Lactucaceae in Zuloaga F. O., Morrone O. & Belgrano M. J. (eds.), Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentinia, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay) 2. 2008
IE. Zuloaga F. O. & Morrone O. (ed.), Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina II in Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74. 1999
IF. Hokche O., Berry P. E. & Huber O. (eds.), Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela. 2008
IH. Correll D. S. & Correll H. B., Flora of the Bahama Archipelago (Including the Turks and Caicos Islands). 1982
IL. Avila F. & al. - Asteraceae in Bernal R. & al., Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. 2016