Sonchus oleraceus

Primary tabs

Sonchus oleraceus

http://media.bgbm.org/erez/erez?src=EditWP6/photos/Sonchus_oleraceus_Bb_01.jpg

Content

Description

Herb, annual or biennial, 10-150 cm high, with taproot. Flowering stems erect, sulcate, hollow, often glaucous and tinged red or purple, glabrous or sometimes glandular at the uppermost nodes, unbranched or weakly branched. Lower cauline leaves oblong or narrowly obovate, 6.0-30.0 cm long, 2.0-12.0 cm wide, usually pinnatisect, pinnatipartite or entire, spinose or entire, petiole-like attenuate with a winged petiole; terminal lobe deltoid or nearly circular; lateral lobes 4-6, oblong, obtuse or acute. Middle and upper cauline leaves amplexicaul and auriculate with acute or obtuse, entire or denticulate auricles, glabrous, glaucous on both surfaces. Synflorescence paniculiform or corymbiform, with 5-15 heads. Peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, glandular, floccose or glabrous. Heads with more than 100 flowers. Involucre at flowering campanulate, 8.0-12.0 mm long, at flowering 6.0-10.0 mm in diameter; involucral bracts glandular or glabrous, margin scarious; outer involucral bracts narrowly deltoid, 3.0-5.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide; inner involucral bracts linear-ovate, up to 12.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide. Corolla ligulate, yellow or less often white; tube c. 7.0 mm long, thinly woolly towards apex; ligule c. 6.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. Anthertube c. 2.5 mm long; apical appendages obtuse. Style c. 12.0 mm long; branches c. 1.2 mm long. Achenes narrowly obovoid in outline, strongly compressed, c. 3.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, scabridulous, wrinkled transversely, pale brown, with 3 longitudinal ribs on each face. Pappus white, up to 7.0 mm long, flexible, remotely scabridulous or barbellate.

Based on: Jeffrey, C. & Beentje, H. J. 2000: Cichorieae . – Pp. 63-108 in: Beentje, H. J. & Smith, S. A. L. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. Compositae (Part 1). – Kew; Meikle, R.D. 1985: Flora auf Cyprus 2. – Kew; Bobrov, E. G. and Tzvelev, N. N. (ed.) 2000: Flora of the USSR XXIX, Compositae , Tribe Cichorieae . – Enfield; Pope, G. V. 1992: Flora Zambesiaca 6, part 1. – London; Tadesse, M. 2004: 25. Sonchus - Pp. 65-70 in: Hedberg, I., Friis, I., Edwards, S. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. – Uppsala; Yatskievych, G. 2006: 49. Tragopogon L. (goat’s beard) – Pp. 390-393 in: Yatskievych, G. (ed.), Flora of Missouri 2, revised Edition. – St. Louis.

Systematics

Sonchus oleraceus is considered to have evolved through natural crossing of S. tenerrimus (x = 7, 2n = 14) and S. asper (n=9, 2n=18).A,B

Chromosome numbers

The chomosome number of 2n = 32 has been explained as allotetraploid, resulting from hybridisation between x = 7 (S. tenerrimus) and x = 9 (S. asper) progenitors.
A,B

Distribution

Africa: Algeria ‒ native (Algeria ‒ nativeC,D,E); Angola ‒ introduced (Angola ‒ introducedF); Azores ‒ native (Açôres ‒ nativeG,H,I,J); Burkina ‒ introduced (Burkina ‒ introducedK); Cameroon ‒ introduced (Cameroon ‒ introducedL,M,N,O,P); Canary Is. ‒ introduced (Canary Is. ‒ introducedH); Cape Verde ‒ introduced (Cape Verde ‒ introducedQ); Egypt ‒ native (Egypt ‒ nativeR,S); Gulf of Guinea Is. ‒ introduced (Bioko ‒ introducedT,U, São Tomé ‒ introducedV); Kenya ‒ introduced (Kenya ‒ introducedO); Libya ‒ native (Libya ‒ nativeW,X,Y,Z); Madeira ‒ introduced (Madeira ‒ introducedH); Morocco ‒ nativeAA,AB,AC,AD; Nigeria ‒ introduced (Nigeria ‒ introducedAE,M,N,O); Selvagens ‒ introduced (Selvagens ‒ introducedH); Sudan ‒ introduced (Sudan ‒ introducedAF,AG); Tanzania ‒ introduced (Tanzania ‒ introducedAG); Tunisia ‒ native (Tunisia ‒ nativeAH,AI); Uganda ‒ introduced (Uganda ‒ introducedM,N,O); Zaire ‒ introduced (Zaire ‒ introducedM,O); Zimbabwe ‒ introduced (Zimbabwe ‒ introducedAG) Asia-Temperate: Afghanistan ‒ native (Afghanistan ‒ nativeAJ,AK); Altay ‒ native (Altay ‒ nativeAL); Amur ‒ native (Amur ‒ nativeAM); Buryatiya ‒ native (Buryatiya ‒ nativeAL); China North-Central ‒ introduced (Gansu ‒ introducedAN,AO, Hebei ‒ introducedAN,AO, Shaanxi ‒ introducedAN,AO, Shandong ‒ introducedAN,AO, Shanxi ‒ introducedAN,AO); China South-Central ‒ introduced (Guizhou ‒ introducedAN,AO, Hubei ‒ introducedAN,AO, Sichuan ‒ introducedAN,AO, Yunnan ‒ introducedAN,AO); China Southeast ‒ introduced (Anhui ‒ introducedAN,AO, Fujian ‒ introducedAN,AO, Guangdong ‒ introducedAN, Guangxi ‒ introducedAN,AO, Henan ‒ introducedAN,AO, Hunan ‒ introducedAN,AO, Jiangsu ‒ introducedAN,AO, Jiangxi ‒ introducedAN,AO, Zhejiang ‒ introducedAN,AO); Chita ‒ native (Chita ‒ nativeAL); Cyprus ‒ native (Cyprus ‒ nativeAP,AQ,AR); East Aegean Is. ‒ native (East Aegean Is. ‒ nativeAS,AT,AU); Gulf States ‒ introduced (Qatar ‒ introducedAV, United Arab Emirates ‒ introducedAW); Hainan ‒ introduced (Hainan ‒ introducedAO); Inner Mongolia ‒ introduced (Ningxia ‒ introducedAO); Iran ‒ native (Iran ‒ nativeAK,AX); Iraq ‒ native (Iraq ‒ nativeAK); Irkutsk ‒ native (Irkutsk ‒ nativeAL); Japan ‒ introducedAY; Kazakhstan ‒ native (Kazakhstan ‒ nativeAZ); Khabarovsk ‒ native (Khabarovsk ‒ nativeAM); Kirgizistan ‒ native (Kirgizistan ‒ nativeBA,BB); Korea ‒ introduced; Krasnoyarsk ‒ native (Krasnoyarsk ‒ nativeAL); Lebanon-Syria ‒ native (Lebanon ‒ nativeBC,BD, Syria ‒ nativeBC,BE); Manchuria ‒ introduced (Liaoning ‒ introducedAN,AO); Mongolia ‒ native: doubtfully native (Mongolia ‒ native: doubtfully nativeBF); North Caucasus ‒ native (Dagestan ‒ nativeBG, Kabardino-Balkariya ‒ nativeBG, Krasnodar ‒ nativeBG, Stavropol ‒ nativeBG); Ogasawara-shoto ‒ introduced (Ogasawara-shoto ‒ introducedBH); Oman (Oman ‒ introducedBI); Palestine ‒ native (Israel ‒ nativeBD,BE,BJ,BK, Jordan ‒ nativeBD,BE,BL,BM); Primorye ‒ native (Primorye ‒ nativeAM); Qinghai ‒ introduced (Qinghai ‒ introducedAN,AO); Sakhalin ‒ native (Sakhalin ‒ nativeAM); Saudi Arabia ‒ introduced (Saudi Arabia ‒ introducedBN); Sinai ‒ native (Sinai ‒ nativeBD,BO,S); Tadzhikistan ‒ native (Tadzhikistan ‒ nativeBP); Taiwan ‒ introduced (Taiwan ‒ introducedAN,AO); Tibet ‒ introduced (Tibet ‒ introducedAN,AO); Transcaucasus ‒ native (Abkhaziya ‒ nativeBG,BQ,BR,BS,BT, Adzhariya ‒ nativeBU, Armenia ‒ nativeBG,BR,BV, Azerbaijan ‒ nativeBG,BR,BT,BW, Georgia ‒ nativeBG,BQ, Nakhichevan ‒ nativeBR); Turkey ‒ native (Turkey ‒ nativeAS,BX,BY); Turkmenistan ‒ native (Turkmenistan ‒ nativeAK,BZ); Uzbekistan ‒ native (Uzbekistan ‒ nativeCA); West Siberia ‒ native (West Siberia ‒ nativeAL); Xinjiang ‒ introduced (Xinjiang ‒ introducedAN,AO); Yakutskiya ‒ native (Yakutskiya ‒ nativeAL) Asia-Tropical: Bangladesh ‒ introduced (Bangladesh ‒ introduced); Borneo ‒ introduced (Sabah ‒ introducedCB,CC); India ‒ introducedCD; Nepal (Nepal ‒ introducedCE); New Guinea ‒ introduced (Irian Jaya ‒ introducedCF, Papua New Guinea ‒ introducedCF); Pakistan ‒ native: doubtfully native (Pakistan ‒ native: doubtfully nativeAK,CG); Philippines ‒ introduced (Philippines ‒ introducedCH); Thailand (Thailand ‒ introducedCI,CJ); Vietnam ‒ introduced (Vietnam ‒ introducedCK) Australasia: Antipodean Is. ‒ introduced (Antipodean Is. ‒ introducedCL); Chatham Is. ‒ introduced (Chatham Is. ‒ introducedCL,CM); Kermadec Is. ‒ introduced (Kermadec Is. ‒ introducedCL,CM); New South Wales ‒ introduced (Australian Capital Territory ‒ introducedCN,CO,CP,CQ,CR, New South Wales ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CS,CT,CU); New Zealand North ‒ introduced (New Zealand North ‒ introducedCL,CM); New Zealand South ‒ introduced (New Zealand South ‒ introducedCL,CM); Northern Territory ‒ introduced (Northern Territory ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU); Queensland ‒ introduced (Queensland ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU,CV); South Australia ‒ introduced (South Australia ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU); Tasmania ‒ introduced (Tasmania ‒ introducedCN,CO,CP,CQ,CR,CT,CU); Victoria ‒ introduced (Victoria ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU); Western Australia ‒ introduced (Ashmore-Cartier Is. ‒ introducedCT, Western Australia ‒ introducedCO,CP,CQ,CR,CU,CW,CX,CY) Europe: Albania ‒ native (Albania ‒ nativeCZ,DA,DB,J); Austria ‒ native (Austria ‒ nativeDC, Liechtenstein ‒ nativeDD); Baleares ‒ native (Baleares ‒ nativeDE,DF,DG,DH,DI,DJ,DK,J); Baltic States ‒ native (Estonia ‒ nativeDL, Kaliningrad ‒ nativeDM, Latvia ‒ nativeDL, Lithuania ‒ nativeDL); Belarus ‒ native (Belarus ‒ nativeDN); Belgium ‒ native (Belgium ‒ nativeDO,J, Luxembourg ‒ nativeDP); Bulgaria ‒ native (Bulgaria ‒ nativeDQ,DR,DS,DT,J); Central European Russia ‒ native (Central European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Corse ‒ native (Corse ‒ nativeDU,DV,DW,J); Czechoslovakia ‒ native (Czech Republic ‒ nativeDX,DY,DZ,EA, Slovakia ‒ nativeDX,DY,EB); Denmark ‒ native (Denmark ‒ nativeEC,ED,J); East European Russia ‒ native (East European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Finland ‒ native (Finland ‒ nativeED,EE,J); France ‒ nativeDF,EF,EG,EH,J; Germany ‒ native (Germany ‒ nativeEI,EJ,EK,J); Great Britain ‒ native (Great Britain ‒ nativeJ); Greece ‒ native (Greece ‒ nativeAT,AU,DS,EL,EM,J,R); Hungary ‒ native (Hungary ‒ nativeEN,EO,J); Iceland ‒ introduced (Iceland ‒ introducedEP); Ireland ‒ native (Ireland ‒ nativeEQ,ER, Northern Ireland ‒ nativeEQ); Italy ‒ nativeES,ET,EU,EV,EW,EX,EY,EZ,J; Kriti ‒ native (Kriti ‒ nativeAT,AU,DS,EM,FA,J); Krym ‒ native (Krym ‒ nativeDN,FB,FC,FD,FE,J); Netherlands ‒ native (Netherlands ‒ nativeFF,J); North European Russia ‒ native (North European Russia ‒ nativeDN,FG); Northwest European Russia ‒ native (Northwest European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Norway ‒ native (Norway ‒ nativeED,J); Poland ‒ native (Poland ‒ nativeFH,FI,J); Portugal ‒ native (Portugal ‒ nativeDK,FJ,FK,FL,FM,G,J); Romania ‒ native (Romania ‒ nativeDS,FN,FO,J); Sardegna ‒ native (Sardegna ‒ nativeES,EX,EY,J); Sicily ‒ native (Malta ‒ nativeFP,FQ,FR, Sicily ‒ nativeES,EV,EX,EY); South European Russia ‒ native (South European Russia ‒ nativeDN); Spain ‒ native (Andorra ‒ nativeDK,FS, Gibraltar ‒ nativeDK,FT, Spain ‒ nativeDE,DF,DK,FU,FV,FW,FX,J); Sweden ‒ native (Sweden ‒ nativeED,FY,FZ,J); Switzerland ‒ native (Switzerland ‒ nativeGA,GB,J); Turkey-in-Europe ‒ native (Turkey-in-Europe ‒ nativeAS,GC,J); Ukraine ‒ native (Moldova ‒ nativeDN,FB, Ukraine ‒ nativeDN,FC); Yugoslavia ‒ native (Bosnia-Herzegovina ‒ nativeDS, Croatia ‒ nativeDS,GD, Macedonia ‒ nativeDS, Montenegro ‒ nativeDS, Serbia ‒ nativeDS,GE, Slovenia ‒ nativeGF,GG) Northern America: Alabama ‒ introduced (Alabama ‒ introducedGH); Alaska ‒ introduced (Alaska ‒ introducedGH); Alberta ‒ introduced (Alberta ‒ introducedGH,GI); Arizona ‒ introduced (Arizona ‒ introducedGH,GJ); Arkansas ‒ introduced (Arkansas ‒ introducedGH); British Columbia ‒ introduced (British Columbia ‒ introducedGH,GI); California ‒ introduced (California ‒ introducedGH,GJ); Colorado ‒ introduced (Colorado ‒ introducedGH); Connecticut ‒ introduced (Connecticut ‒ introducedGH); Delaware ‒ introduced (Delaware ‒ introducedGH); District of Columbia ‒ introduced (District of Columbia ‒ introducedGH); Florida ‒ introduced (Florida ‒ introducedGH); Georgia, U.S.A. ‒ introduced (Georgia, U.S.A. ‒ introducedGH); Greenland ‒ introduced (Greenland ‒ introducedGI); Idaho ‒ introduced (Idaho ‒ introducedGH); Illinois ‒ introduced (Illinois ‒ introducedGH); Indiana ‒ introduced (Indiana ‒ introducedGH); Iowa ‒ introduced (Iowa ‒ introducedGH); Kansas ‒ introduced (Kansas ‒ introducedGH); Kentucky ‒ introduced (Kentucky ‒ introducedGH); Labrador ‒ introduced (Labrador ‒ introducedGH); Louisiana ‒ introduced (Louisiana ‒ introducedGH); Maine ‒ introduced (Maine ‒ introducedGH); Manitoba ‒ introduced (Manitoba ‒ introducedGH,GI); Maryland ‒ introduced (Maryland ‒ introducedGH); Massachusetts ‒ introduced (Massachusetts ‒ introducedGH); Mexican Pacific Is. ‒ introduced (Guadalupe I. ‒ introducedGK); Mexico Central ‒ introduced (Mexico Distrito Federal ‒ introducedCB,GL,GM, Morelos ‒ introducedGL, México State ‒ introducedGL, Puebla ‒ introducedGL, Tlaxcala ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Gulf ‒ introduced (Veracruz ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Northeast ‒ introduced (Chihuahua ‒ introducedGL,GN, Coahuila ‒ introducedGL, Guanajuato ‒ introducedGL, Hidalgo ‒ introducedGL, Nuevo León ‒ introducedGL, Querétaro ‒ introducedGL, San Luis Potosí ‒ introducedGL, Tamaulipas ‒ introducedGL, Zacatecas ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Northwest ‒ introduced (Baja California ‒ introducedGL,GO, Baja California Sur ‒ introducedGL, Sinaloa ‒ introducedGL, Sonora ‒ introducedGJ,GL,GN); Mexico Southeast ‒ introduced (Campeche ‒ introducedGL, Chiapas ‒ introducedGL, Quintana Roo ‒ introducedGL, Yucatán ‒ introducedGL); Mexico Southwest ‒ introduced (Colima ‒ introducedGL, Guerrero ‒ introducedGL, Jalisco ‒ introducedGL, Michoacán ‒ introducedGL, Oaxaca ‒ introducedGL); Michigan ‒ introduced (Michigan ‒ introducedGH); Minnesota ‒ introduced (Minnesota ‒ introducedGH); Mississippi ‒ introduced (Mississippi ‒ introducedGH); Missouri ‒ introduced (Missouri ‒ introducedGH); Montana ‒ introduced (Montana ‒ introducedGH); Nebraska ‒ introduced (Nebraska ‒ introducedGH); Nevada ‒ introduced (Nevada ‒ introducedGH); New Brunswick ‒ introduced (New Brunswick ‒ introducedGH,GI); New Hampshire ‒ introduced (New Hampshire ‒ introducedGH); New Jersey ‒ introduced (New Jersey ‒ introducedGH); New Mexico ‒ introduced (New Mexico ‒ introducedGH); New York ‒ introduced (New York ‒ introducedGH); Newfoundland ‒ introduced (Newfoundland ‒ introducedGH,GI, St.Pierre-Miquelon ‒ introducedGI); North Dakota ‒ introduced (North Dakota ‒ introducedGH); Northwest Territories ‒ introduced (Northwest Territories ‒ introducedGH,GI); Nova Scotia ‒ introduced (Nova Scotia ‒ introducedGH,GI); Ohio ‒ introduced (Ohio ‒ introducedGH); Oklahoma ‒ introduced (Oklahoma ‒ introducedGH); Ontario ‒ introduced (Ontario ‒ introducedGH,GI); Oregon ‒ introduced (Oregon ‒ introducedGH); Pennsylvania ‒ introduced (Pennsylvania ‒ introducedGH); Prince Edward I. ‒ introduced (Prince Edward I. ‒ introducedGH,GI); Québec ‒ introduced (Québec ‒ introducedGH,GI); Rhode I. ‒ introduced (Rhode I. ‒ introducedGH); Saskatchewan ‒ introduced (Saskatchewan ‒ introducedGH,GI); South Carolina ‒ introduced (South Carolina ‒ introducedGH); South Dakota ‒ introduced (South Dakota ‒ introducedGH); Tennessee ‒ introduced (Tennessee ‒ introducedGH); Texas ‒ introduced (Texas ‒ introducedGH); Utah ‒ introduced (Utah ‒ introducedGH); Vermont ‒ introduced (Vermont ‒ introducedGH); Virginia ‒ introduced (Virginia ‒ introducedGH); Washington ‒ introduced (Washington ‒ introducedGH); West Virginia ‒ introduced (West Virginia ‒ introducedGH); Wisconsin ‒ introduced (Wisconsin ‒ introducedGH); Wyoming ‒ introduced (Wyoming ‒ introducedGH) Pacific: Cook Is. (Cook Is. ‒ introducedGP); Fiji ‒ introduced (Fiji ‒ introducedGQ); New Caledonia ‒ introduced (New Caledonia ‒ introducedGR) Southern America: Argentina Northeast ‒ introduced (Argentina Distrito Federal ‒ introducedGS, Buenos Aires ‒ introducedGS,GT, Chaco ‒ introducedGS,GT, Corrientes ‒ introducedGS,GT, Córdoba ‒ introducedGS,GU, Formosa ‒ introducedGS,GT, La Pampa ‒ introducedGS,GT, Misiones ‒ introducedGS,GT); Argentina Northwest ‒ introduced (Catamarca ‒ introducedGS,GT, Jujuy ‒ introducedGS,GU, La Rioja ‒ introducedGS,GT, Mendoza ‒ introducedGS,GT, San Juan ‒ introducedGS,GT,GV, San Luis ‒ introducedGS,GT, Santiago del Estero ‒ introducedGS,GT); Argentina South ‒ introduced (Chubut ‒ introducedGS,GT, Neuquén ‒ introducedGS,GT, Rio Negro ‒ introducedGS,GT, Santa Cruz ‒ introducedGS,GT, Santa Fé ‒ introducedGS,GT, Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) ‒ introducedGS,GT); Bahamas ‒ introduced (Bahamas ‒ introducedCB,GW); Bolivia ‒ introduced (Bolivia ‒ introducedGX,GY); Brazil Northeast ‒ introduced (Bahia ‒ introducedGZ); Brazil South ‒ introduced (Paraná ‒ introducedGS, Rio Grande do Sul ‒ introducedGS, Santa Catarina ‒ introducedGS); Brazil Southeast ‒ introduced (Trindade ‒ introducedCB); Chile Central ‒ introduced (Biobío ‒ introducedGS, Coquimbo ‒ introducedGS, La Araucania ‒ introducedGS, Maule ‒ introducedGS, O'Higgins ‒ introducedGS, Valparaíso ‒ introducedGS); Chile North ‒ introduced (Antofagasta ‒ introducedGS, Atacama ‒ introduced, Tarapaca ‒ introducedGS); Chile South ‒ introduced (Los Lagos ‒ introducedGS); Colombia (Colombia ‒ introducedHA); Cuba ‒ introduced (Cuba ‒ introducedCB,HB,HC); Dominican Republic ‒ introduced (Dominican Republic ‒ introducedCB,HD); Guatemala ‒ introduced (Guatemala ‒ introducedHE); Haiti ‒ introduced (Haiti ‒ introducedCB,HD); Jamaica ‒ introduced (Jamaica ‒ introducedCB); Leeward Is. ‒ introduced (Anguilla ‒ introducedCB,HF, Antigua-Barbuda ‒ introducedCB,HF, Guadeloupe ‒ introducedCB,GO,HF, Montserrat ‒ introducedCB,HF, Netherlands Leeward Is. ‒ introducedCB,HF, St.Martin-St.Barthélémy ‒ introducedCB,HF); Panamá ‒ introduced (Panamá ‒ introducedHE); Paraguay ‒ introduced (Paraguay ‒ introducedGS); Puerto Rico ‒ introduced (Puerto Rico ‒ introducedCB,HG); Trinidad-Tobago ‒ introduced (Trinidad-Tobago ‒ introducedCB); Turks-Caicos Is. ‒ introduced (Turks-Caicos Is. ‒ introducedGW); Uruguay ‒ introduced (Uruguay ‒ introducedGS); Venezuela ‒ introduced (Venezuela ‒ introducedGU,HH); Venezuelan Antilles ‒ introduced (Venezuelan Antilles ‒ introducedHI); Windward Is. ‒ introduced (Barbados ‒ introducedCB,HF, Dominica ‒ introducedCB,HF, Grenada ‒ introducedCB,HF, Martinique ‒ introducedCB,HF, St.Lucia ‒ introducedCB,HF, St.Vincent ‒ introducedCB,HF)

Common names

(Australia): ThalaakCT; (Mexico): achicoria dulceGL, borrajaGL, cardoGL, cerrajaGL, endiviaGL, falos diente de léonGL, lechuguillaGL, mitihuaracaGL, muela de caballoGL, verdolaga de puercoGL; Acoli (Uganda): LapukuHJ; Albanian (Albania): Rrëshyell perimeHK,1; Arabic (Lebanon): بَقْلَة يَهودِيَّةHL,1, تِفاف بَقْليHL,1, لِبَّيْـنHL,1; Arabic (Saudi Arabia): HawwaHM, KhuwaishHM, KhuwwayshHN; Arabic (Syria): بَقْلَة يَهودِيَّةHO,1, تِفاف بَقْليHO,1, لِبَّيْـنHO,1; Arabic (United Arab Emirates): adheedHP, dalaweenHP, galaweinHP, hawaHP, khas al wazHP, khuwayshHP, odeidHP; Armenian (Armenia): Կաթնբեկ բանջարանոցայինHQ,1; Basque (Spain): AstaurrazaDK, GardugueraDK, KardaberaDK, KardueDK; Bulgarian (Bulgaria): Градински кострецDQ,1; Catalan; Valencian (Spain): AlextóDK, LlacsonsDK, LletsóDK, LliscóDK; Chinese (China): 苦苣菜 ku ju caiAO; Corsican (Corse): Cardu mansuHR,1, CicerbitaHR,1, LattaghjonuHR,1, LattaroneHR,1; Danish (Denmark): Almindelig SvinemælkHS,1; Dutch; Flemish (South Africa): SydisselHT; English (Australia): Common SowthistleCN,CP,CQ,CS,CT,CU,CV,CW,CY, Milk ThistleCT, Sow ThistleCO, annual SowthistleCT, milk thistleCP; English (Bahamas): Sow ThistleCB; English (Caribbean): Sow thistleCB; English (Cyprus): Sow ThistleHU; English (Great Britain): Smooth Sow-thistleHV,1; English (Indian Subcontinent): milk weedCD; English (Jamaica): Sow-thistleCB; English (New Zealand): Sow ThistleHW, Sow thistleCL, Sow-thistleCM; English (Northern America): Common sow-thistleGI; English (South Africa): Sow thistleHT; English (United Arab Emirates): smooth sow thistleHP, wild lettuceHP; Estonian (Estonia): Harilik piimohakasHX,1; Finnish (Finland): KaalivalvattiHS,1; French (Belgium): Laiteron maraîcherHY,1; French (Corse): Laiteron maraîcherHR,1; French (France): Laiteron lisseHZ,2, Laiteron maraîcherHZ,1, Laiteron potagerHZ,1; French (Haiti): Chicorée; French (Mascarene Islands): LastronIA,IB, Lastron douxIB, Lastron tendreIB; French (Northern America): Laiteron potagerGI; French (Réunion): Lastron douxIC, Lastron tendreIC; French (Switzerland): Laiteron maraîcherID,1; Galician (Spain): Cardo molarDK, CerraxaDK, SerrallaDK; Ganda (Uganda): KakovuHJ; German (Germany): Kohl-GänsedistelIE,1; German (Switzerland): Gemeine GänsedistelID,1; Hebrew (Israel): מְרוֹר הַגִּנּוֹתIF,1, מרור הגינותIF,1; Hindi (India): Dodak, Dudhi, Pili dudhiIG; Hindi (Indian Subcontinent): DudhiCD; Ibanag (Philippines): GagatangCH; Icelandic (Iceland): GyltufífillEP; Italian (Italy): CicerbitaEX,2, CrespignoEX,2, Grespino comuneEX,1, LattaroloEX,2; Italian (Switzerland): Grespino comuneID,1; Kilur (Central and East Africa): ArchakO; Kinyarwanda (Central and East Africa): IkigembegembeO, RururiraO, RuvugamahomvuO; Kinyarwanda (Rwanda): IkigembegembeIH, RururiraIH; Korean (Korea): bang-ga-ji-tongII; Lango (Uganda) (Uganda): ApurukuHJ; Latvian (Latvia): Dārza mīkstpieneHX,1; Makhuwa (Mozambique): nlumi-inyotoIJ; Maori (New Zealand): PororuaCM, RaurikiCM,HW; Marathi (Indian Subcontinent): PathariCD; Nilo-Saharan (Other) (Central and East Africa): ZapeO; Norwegian (Norway): HaredylleHS,1; Nyankole (Uganda): EkijwamateHJ, EkinyamateHJ, OrunyamateHJ; Nyoro (Uganda): EkinyahwaHJ; Nyungwe (Mozambique): chiru ma ngombeIJ; Oromo (East Africa): aramà; Panjabi; Punjabi (Indian Subcontinent): DodakCD; Polish (Poland): Mlecz warzywnyFH,2, Mlecz zwyczajnyFH,1; Portuguese (Portugal): LeitarugaDK, SerralhaDK; Purepecha (Mexico): tsktsuk chekamitiGL; Romanian (Moldova): Сусай де-грэдинэIK,1; Ronga (Mozambique): cimboIJ, ilhaviIJ; Russian (Armenia): Осот огородныйHQ,1; Sinhala; Sinhalese (Sri Lanka): Gal-potu-kolaIL; Spanish; Castilian (Cuba): AlgodoncilloCB, CerlechosaCB, CerrajaCB; Spanish; Castilian (Dominican Republic): AchicoriaCB, BorrajaCB, Borraja moradaCB, ChicoriaCB, LechuguillaCB, LechuguilloCB; Spanish; Castilian (Puerto Rico): AchicoriaCB, Achicoria silvestreCB, ChicoriaCB; Spanish; Castilian (Spain): AcerrajaDK, AchicoriasDK, AlborrajaDK, CardenchaDK, Cardo molarDK, LecheraDK, SerrajaDK; Swedish (Sweden): KålmjölktistelHS,2, KålmolkeIM,1, MjölktistelHS,2; Telugu (Indian Subcontinent): RatrinataCD; Tsonga (Mozambique): hlaveIJ, hlaviIJ, inhlaviIJ, sudeIJ; Turkish (Cyprus): SütleğenHU; Turkish (Turkey): KuzugevreğiBX; Vietnamese (Vietnam): Diếp dạiIN, Rau cúc sữaIN, Rau diếp đắngIN, Rau nhũ cúcIN, Tục đoạn rauCK,IN
1. recommended, 2. synonym

Uses

Sonchus oleraceus is used as salad or vegetable, the young leaves and shoots of wild-growing plants being eaten raw, cooked or slightly steamed, and also as a medicinal plant.IO

Bibliography

A. Mejías J. A. & Andrés C., Karyological studies in Iberian Sonchus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae): S. oleraceus, S. microcephalus and S. asper and a general discussion. in Folia Geobot. 39: 275-291. 2004
B. Stebbins G. L. & al., Chromosomes and phylogeny in the Compositae, tribe Cichorieae in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 26: 401-430. 1953
C. Ozenda, P., Flore du Sahara, ed. 2. 1977
D. Quézel, P. & Santa, S., Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. 1963
E. Quézel, P. & Santa, S., Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales 2. 1963 (as Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus)
F. Figueiredo E. & Smith G. F., Plants of Angola in Strelitzia 22. 2008
G. Franco, J. Do Amaral, Nova flora de Portugal (continente e Açores). 2. 1984
H. Hansen A. & Sunding P., Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4th revised edition in Sommerfeltia 17. 1994
I. Schäfer, H., Flora of the Azores. A field guide. 2002
J. Tutin, T. G. & al., Flora Europaea. 1964-1993
K. Thiombiano A. & al., Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. 2012
L. Beentje H. J., Onana J.-M., Pollard B. J. & Hind D. J. N. - Compositae in Cheek M., Onana J.-M. & Pollard B. J. (ed.), The plants of Mount Oku and the Ijim Ridge, Cameroon. A conversation checklist. 2000
M. Boulos L., Révision Systématique du genre Sonchus L. s.l. - V. Sous-genre 3. Origosonchus in Bot. Not. 127. 1974 (as Sonchus angustissimus Hook. f.)
N. Jeffrey C., Notes on Compositae: 1. The Cichorieae In East Tropical Africa in Kew Bull. 18 (3). 1966
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