Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum

Common names
Arabic (Lebanon): طَرَخْشَقون مَخْزَنيA,1; Arabic (Syria): طَرَخْشَقون مَخْزَنيB,1; Bulgarian (Bulgaria): Обикновено глухарчеC,1; Chinese (China): 西洋蒲公英组 xi yang pu gong ying zuD; English (Northern America): Common dandelionE; French (Northern America): Pissenlit officinalE; German (Germany): Wiesen-KuhblumeF,1; Italian (Italy): Dente di LeoneG,1, Piscia caneG,1, PiscialettoG,1, SoffioneG,1, Tarassaco comuneG,1; Romanian (Moldova): Пэпэдие медичиналэH,1; Vietnamese (Vietnam): Bồ công anh lùnI, bồ công anh trung quốcJ
1. recommended
Systematics
The name and concept of Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum is synonymous with T. officinale F. H. Wigg. in its wide traditional sense for the entire group of agamospermous polyploid microspecies and the closely related sexually reproducing diploids generally known as "common dandelions", and the use of either name can be chosen as appropriate depending on the context. A lectotypification of Leontodon taraxacum (Taraxacum officinale) from 1985, which made this applicatication impossible, has been shown by Kirschner & Štěpánek (in Taxon 60: 216-220. 2011) to have no standing and has been superseded by these authors (for more details see Synonymy). These authors moreover deliberately refrained from a subsequent epitypification of that name with a particular one of the numerous microspecies included, to allow the use of the name T. officinale in its traditional wide sense.
Description
Plants medium-sized or robust. Leaves numerous; petiole unwinged or winged; leaf blade usually broad (3–6 cm), deeply lobed to pinnatisect; lateral lobes variously triangular or deltoid, margin usually dentate or lobulate; interlobes evident, often spotted or bordered tan or brownish purple, margin usually dentate. Capitulum 3–7 cm wide. Involucre usually more than 1.2 cm wide, base rounded or flat. Outer phyllaries (12–)15–25(–28), usually mid-green to deep green and sometimes pruinose, variously arranged, broadly linear, linear-lanceolate, or less often lanceolate, usually 12–16 × 2.5–3.5 mm, usually irregularly patent to reflexed, unbordered or with inconspicuous narrow paler borders, apex usually flat but not infrequently callose or sometimes minutely corniculate. Ligules yellow; floret tube glabrous or sparsely arachnoid with variously curved soft thin hairs. Achene grayish straw-colored brown or light olivaceous brown, usually 3–4.5 mm; body densely spinulose in upper 1/4–1/3, ± abruptly narrowing into a conic to subcylindric 0.2–0.9 mm cone; beak usually 0.9–1.3 cm, thin. Pappus white to dirty white, usually 6–7 mm. Sexual or agamospermous.
from: Ge X., Kirschner J. & Štepánek J. in Wu Z. Y. & al. (ed.), Flora of China 20–21: 324. 2011, Beijing & St Louis.
from: Ge X., Kirschner J. & Štepánek J. in Wu Z. Y. & al. (ed.), Flora of China 20–21: 324. 2011, Beijing & St Louis.
Distribution
Africa: Azores nativeK; Burundi introducedL; Cameroon introducedL; Canary Is. native ‒ native; Cape Provinces (Eastern Cape Province introduced ‒ introducedM, Western Cape Province introducedM); Eritrea introducedN; Ethiopia introducedO; Free State introduced ‒ introducedM; Kenya introduced ‒ introducedL,P; KwaZulu-Natal introduced ‒ introducedM; Lesotho introduced ‒ introducedM; Madagascar introducedQ; Madeira; Mauritius introducedR; Morocco native ‒ nativeS; Mozambique introducedL; Namibia introducedM; Northern Provinces (Gauteng introduced ‒ introducedM, Mpumalanga introducedM, North-West Province introducedM); Rodrigues introducedR; Rwanda introducedL; Réunion introducedR; Swaziland introducedM; Tanzania introduced ‒ introduced ‒ introducedL,T,U; Zaire introducedL; Zambia introducedL; Zimbabwe introducedL Antarctic: Falkland Is. introducedV Asia-Temperate: Afghanistan native ‒ nativeW; Altay nativeX; Amur nativeY; China South-Central (Yunnan introduced); Cyprus introduced: naturalizedAA,AB,AC,AD,Z; East Aegean Is. nativeAE; Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol native); Iran native; Kamchatka nativeAF; Khabarovsk nativeY; Kirgizistan native ‒ nativeAG; Korea introducedAH,AI; Kuril Is. nativeY; Lebanon-Syria native (Lebanon native ‒ nativeAJ,AK,Z, Syria native ‒ nativeAJ,AL,Z); Mongolia nativeAM; North Caucasus native ‒ nativeAN,AO,AP,AQ,AR (Chechnya nativeAS, Dagestan nativeAS, Kabardino-Balkariya nativeAS, Karacheyevo-Cherkessiya nativeAS, Krasnodar native ‒ nativeAS, Severo-Osetiya native ‒ nativeAS, Stavropol nativeAS); Palestine (Jordan native: reported in errorAL,AT); Primorye nativeAF; Sakhalin nativeAF; Transcaucasus (Abkhaziya native ‒ nativeAO,AP,AQ,AS,AU,AV, Adzhariya native ‒ nativeAS, Armenia native ‒ nativeAO,AP,AQ,AS,AW,Z, Azerbaijan native ‒ nativeAO,AP,AQ,AS,AX, Georgia native ‒ nativeAS,AY, Nakhichevan native); Turkey native ‒ nativeAE,AL,AZ,Z; Uzbekistan native; Yemen introducedBA Asia-Tropical: Assam (Meghalaya nativeBB); East Himalaya (Darjiling introduced); India (Punjab nativeBB, Uttar Pradesh nativeBB, West Bengal introduced); Jawa introduced; Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia introducedBC); Nepal nativeBD; Pakistan native; Philippines introducedBE,BF; Vietnam introducedBG,BH; West Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh nativeBI, Jammu-Kashmir native ‒ nativeBJ,BK) Australasia: Chatham Is. introducedBL; Kermadec Is. introducedBM; New South Wales (Australian Capital Territory introducedBN, New South Wales introducedBN); New Zealand North introducedBM; New Zealand South introducedBM; Queensland (Queensland introducedBN); South Australia introducedBN,BO; Tasmania introducedBN; Victoria introducedBN,BP Europe: Albania native ‒ nativeBQ,BR,BS,BT,BU,K; Austria native ‒ nativeK (Austria native, Liechtenstein nativeBV); Baleares native ‒ nativeBW,BX,K; Baltic States (Estonia native ‒ nativeBY,BZ, Kaliningrad native, Latvia native ‒ nativeBZ,CA, Lithuania native ‒ nativeBZ); Belarus native ‒ nativeAQ; Belgium native ‒ nativeK (Belgium native, Luxembourg native); Bulgaria native ‒ nativeBR,BS,CB,CC,CD,K; Central European Russia native ‒ nativeAQ; Corse nativeCE,CF,CG,K; CzechoslovakiaK (Czech Republic native ‒ nativeCH,CI,CJ, Slovakia native ‒ nativeCH,CI,CK); Denmark native ‒ nativeK; East European Russia native ‒ nativeAQ; Finland native ‒ nativeCL,K; France (Channel Is. native, France native ‒ nativeCE,CM,K); Føroyar native ‒ nativeK; Germany native ‒ nativeK; Great Britain native ‒ nativeK; Greece native ‒ nativeBR,BS,CN,CO,K,Z; Hungary native ‒ nativeCP,CQ,K; Iceland native ‒ nativeK; Ireland native ‒ nativeK (Ireland native, Northern Ireland native); Italy native ‒ nativeCF,CG,CR,CS,K (Italy native); Kriti native: reported in errorCT; Krym native ‒ nativeAQ,CU,CV,Z; Netherlands native ‒ nativeCW,K; North European Russia native ‒ nativeAQ; Northwest European Russia native ‒ nativeAQ; Norway native ‒ nativeK; Poland native ‒ nativeCX,CY,CZ,K; Portugal native ‒ nativeK; Romania native ‒ nativeBS,DA,DB,DC,K; Sardegna native: presence questionableCF,CG,CR,DD,K; Sicily nativeK (Malta cultivatedDE, Sicily nativeCF,CG,CR,DF); South European Russia native ‒ nativeAQ; Spain nativeK (Andorra native, Spain native ‒ nativeBW,BX,DG,DH,DI); Svalbard introducedK; Sweden native ‒ nativeK; Switzerland native ‒ nativeDJ,DK,K; Turkey-in-Europe native ‒ nativeDL,K,Z; Ukraine (Moldova native ‒ nativeAQ,DM, Ukraine native ‒ nativeAQ,CU,DN); Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina native ‒ nativeBR,BS,DO, Croatia nativeBS,DP, Macedonia nativeBR,BS,DQ,DR,DS,DT,DU,DV, Montenegro native ‒ nativeBR,BS,DW,DX, Serbia native ‒ nativeBR,BS,DY, Slovenia nativeDZ,EA,EB) Northern America: Alberta introducedEC; British Columbia introducedEC; Greenland introducedEC; Labrador introducedEC; Manitoba introducedEC; New Brunswick introducedEC; Newfoundland (Newfoundland native, St.Pierre-Miquelon introducedEC); Northwest Territories introducedEC; Nova Scotia introducedEC; Nunavut introducedEC; Ontario introducedEC; Prince Edward I. introducedEC; Québec native; Saskatchewan introducedEC; Yukon introducedEC Pacific: Cook Is. introducedED; Fiji introducedEE; New Caledonia introducedEF South Africa, Republic of: introduced Southern America: Argentina Northeast (Argentina Distrito Federal introducedEG, Buenos Aires introducedEG, Corrientes introducedEH, Córdoba introducedEH, Entre Ríos introducedEH, Formosa introducedEG, La Pampa introducedEG, Misiones introducedEH); Argentina Northwest (Catamarca introducedEG, Jujuy introducedEH, La Rioja introducedEH, Mendoza introducedEH, Salta introducedEH, San Juan introducedEG,EI, San Luis introducedEH, Santiago del Estero introducedEH, Tucuman introducedEG); Argentina South (Chubut introducedEH, Neuquén introducedEG, Rio Negro introducedEH, Santa Cruz introducedEG, Santa Fé introducedEH, Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) introducedEH); Bolivia introduced ‒ introducedEJ,EK,EL; Brazil South (Rio Grande do Sul introducedEH, Santa Catarina introducedEG); Chile Central (Biobío introducedEG, Coquimbo introducedEH, La Araucania introducedEH, Maule introducedEH, O'Higgins introducedEH, Santiago introduced ‒ introducedEG, Valparaíso introducedEH,EL); Chile North (Antofagasta introducedEG, Atacama introducedEH); Chile South (Aisén introducedEH, Los Lagos introducedEG, Magellanes introducedEG); Colombia introduced ‒ introducedEM; Cuba introducedEN; Ecuador introducedEO; Guatemala introduced; Juan Fernández Is.EL; Paraguay introducedEH; Peru introducedEL,EP; Uruguay introducedEG; Venezuela introducedEQ
Uses
Taraxacum officinale is widely used as vegetable or salad. Plants are collected from the wild or cultivated. The green or blanched young leaves are used in salads, cooked in soups or prepared as spinach. The taproots are eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable. Moreover, the dried and roasted taproots provide a coffee substitute, flower heads in bud are sometimes used as capers. Leaves and roots are also used for making tonics and medicinally.ER
Bibliography
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AH. Chang C.-S. & al., Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea Peninsula Flora. 2014 (as Taraxacum officinale)
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BD. Press J. R. & al., Annotated checklist of the flowering plants of Nepal; updated online version (as Taraxacum officinale)
BF. Nickrent D. L. & al., Leonardo Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines, 2011 (as Taraxacum officinale)
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BI. Hajra P. K., Rao R. R., Singh D. K. and Uniyal B. P., Flora of India 12. 1995 (as Taraxacum officinale)
BJ. Hajra P. K., Rao R. R., Singh D. K. and Uniyal B. P., Flora of India 12. 1995 (as Taraxacum officinale)
BK. Kirschner J., Štěpánek J., Klimeš L. & al., The Taraxacum flora of Ladakh, with notes on the adjacent regions of the West Himalaya in Phytotaxa 457: 1-409. 2020
BL. Garnock-Jones P. J. - Cichorioideae in Webb C. J., Sykes W. R. & Garnock-Jones P. J., Flora of New Zealand 4. 1988 (as Taraxacum officinale)
BM. Garnock-Jones P. J. - Cichorioideae in Webb C. J., Sykes W. R. & Garnock-Jones P. J., Flora of New Zealand 4. 1988 (as Taraxacum officinale)
BR. Hayek, A. von, Prodromus florae peninsulae balcanicae, 2 in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2). 1928–1931 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. erectum)
BS. Hayek, A. von, Prodromus florae peninsulae balcanicae, 2 in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2). 1928–1931 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. officinale)
BU. Vangjeli, J., Udhëheqës fushor i florës së Shqipërisë. 2003 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. officinale)
BX. Bolòs, O. de, Vigo, J., Masalles, R. M. & Ninot, J. M., Flora manual dels països catalans. 1990 (as Taraxacum officinale)
BZ. Kuusk, V., Tabaka, L. & Jankjavičene, R., Flora baltijskih republik. Svodka sosudistyh rastenij 3. 2003 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CA. Tabaka L., Gabrilova G. & Fatare I., Flora sosudistyh rastenij Latvijskoj SSR. 1988 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CB. Andreev, N., Ančev, M., Kožuharov, S. I., Markova, M., Peev, D. & Petrova, A., Opredelitel na visšite rastenija v Bălgarija. 1992 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CC. As’ov, B., Petrova, A., Dimitrov, D. & Vasilev, R., Konspekt na visšata flora na Bălgarija, ed. 2. 2002 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CD. Stojanov, N. & Stefanov, B., Flora na Bălgarija, 4 [Stojanov, N., Stefanov, B. & Kitanov, B.], 2. 1967 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. officinale)
CK. Marhold, K. & Hindák, F., Zoznam nižších a vyšších rastlín Slovenska. 1998 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CL. Sonck, C. E., Översikt av Taraxacum-arnerna i Enare Lappmark. Del I in Norrlinia 3. 1991 (as Taraxacum rubescens)
CM. Fournier, P., Les quatre flores de la France, Corse comprise. 1934–1940 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. vulgare)
CP. Horváth, F., Dobolyi, Z. K., Morschhauser, T, Lőkös, L., Karas, L. & Szerdahelyi, T., Flóra adatbázis 1.2. Taxon-lista és attribútum allomány. 1995 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CQ. Simon, T., A magyarországi edényes flóra határozója. Harasztok - virágos növények. 1992 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CR. Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A., Blasi, C., An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. 2005 (as Taraxacum officinale aggr.)
CV. Vul’f, E. V., Flora Kryma 3(3) [Rubcov, N. I. & Privalova, L. A.]. 1969 (as Taraxacum officinale)
CX. Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkova, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M., Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A Checklist. in Biodivers. Poland 1. 2002 (as Taraxacum anceps)
CY. Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkova, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M., Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A Checklist. in Biodivers. Poland 1. 2002 (as Taraxacum eumorphum)
CZ. Mirek, Z., Vascular plants of Poland. A Checklist. in Polish Bot. Stud., Guideb. Ser. 15. 1995 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DB. Popescu, A. & Sanda, V., Conspectul florei cormofitelor spontane din România in Acta Bot. Horti Bucurest. [suppl.]. 1998 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DD. Arrigoni, P. V., Note tassonomiche e corologiche sulla flora sarda in Parlatorea 8: 53-62. 2006 (as Taraxacum officinale aggr.)
DE. Haslam, S. M., Sell, P. D. & Wolsely, P. A., A Flora of the Maltese Islands. 1977 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DF. Giardina, G., Raimondo, F. M. & Spadaro, V., A catalogue of plants growing in Sicily in Bocconea 20. 2008 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DH. Valdés, B., Talavera, S. & Fernández-Galiano, E., Flora vascular de Andalucía occidental 3. 1987 (as Taraxacum vulgare)
DI. Willkomm, M. & Lange, J., Prodromus florae hispanicae 2. 1865–1870 (as Taraxacum officinale var. officinale)
DJ. Hess, H. E., Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete, ed. 4. 1998 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DK. Schinz, H. & Keller, R., Flora der Schweiz, ed. 3, 2. 1914 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. vulgare)
DL. Webb D. A., The flora of European Turkey in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., B 65/B/1: 1-100. 1966 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DM. Gejdeman, T. S., Opredelitel' vysših rastenij Moldavskoj SSR, ed. 3. 1986 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DN. Mosyakin, S. L. & Fedoronchuk, M. M., Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. 1999 (as Taraxacum officinale aggr.)
DO. Beck von Mannagetta, G., Flora Bosnae et Hercegovinae [Flora Bosne, Hercegovine i novipazarskog sandžaka] 4(4) [Slišković, T.]. 1983 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DP. Nikolić, T., Flora Croatica. Index florae Croaticae, 3 in Nat. Croat. 9, Suppl. 1. 2000 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DQ. Bornmüller J. F. N., Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens. Sammlungen in den Kriegsjahren 1916-1918. II in Bot. Jahrb. Syst., Beibl. 136. 1926 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DS. Matvejeva, J., Prilog poznavanju flore planine Zeden in Acta Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat. 10(2). 1965 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DT. Nikolovski, T. & Cirimotić, J., Karakteristika na krajbrežnite rastitelni grupacii po srednoto i dolnoto tečenie na r. Vardar (poteg Titov Veles-Gevgelija) in God. Šumarski Inst. (Skopje) 3: 119-149. 1958 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DU. Stojanov, N., Thracische und macedonische Herbarmaterialen des verstorbenen Prof. Dr. Theodor Nikoloff in Spis. Bulg. Akad. Nauk. 37: 49-209. 1928 (as Taraxacum officinale)
DW. Rohlena, J., Conspectus florae montenegrinae in Preslia 20-21: 1-506. 1942 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. erectum)
DX. Rohlena, J., Conspectus florae montenegrinae in Preslia 20-21: 1-506. 1942 (as Taraxacum officinale subsp. officinale)
EB. Trpin D. & Vreš B., Register flore Slovenije. Praprotnice in cvetnice. 1995 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EC. Brouillet L., Coursol F., Favreau M. & Anions M., VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (as Taraxacum officinale)
EE. Smith, A.C. & Carr, G.D. - Family 186. Asteraceae in A. Chev., Flora vitiensis nova 5. 1991 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EF. Mackee, H.S., Les plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. 1985 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EG. Baeza C. M., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K. & Urtubey E. - Lactucaceae in Zuloaga F. O., Morrone O. & Belgrano M. J. (eds.), Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentinia, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay) 2. 2008 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EH. Baeza C. M., Stuessy T. F., Tremetsberger K. & Urtubey E. - Lactucaceae in Zuloaga F. O., Morrone O. & Belgrano M. J. (eds.), Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentinia, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay) 2. 2008 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EI. Urtubey E. - Lactuceae in Kiesling R. (ed.), Flora de San Juan, Republica Argentina 3b. 2013 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EJ. D. J. N. Hind, An annotated preliminary checklist of the Compositae of Bolivia. 2009 (as Taraxacum subspathulatum)
EL. Richards A. J., An account of some neotropical Taraxacum species in Rhodora 78: 682-706. 1976 (as Taraxacum subspathulatum)
EM. Avila F. & al. - Asteraceae in Bernal R. & al., Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. 2016 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EN. Greuter W. & Rankin R., The Spermatophyta and Pteridophyta of Cuba, a preliminary checklist. 2017 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EO. Møller Jørgensen P. & León-Yánez S., Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador in Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75. 1999 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EP. Brako L. & Zarucchi J. L., Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru in Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. 1993 (as Taraxacum officinale)
EQ. Hokche O., Berry P. E. & Huber O. (eds.), Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela. 2008 (as Taraxacum officinale)